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铅

Also known as Pb, element 82

原子序数为82的化学元素

OverviewAI-generated

Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Its standard molar entropy is 64.8, and it has a mass of 207.2. The element has a density of 11.34 and an electronegativity of 2. Its ionic radius is 1.49. Lead melts at 621 and boils at 3164.

The substance is associated with the Commons category and gallery titled "Lead." It is referenced by 5,459 other encyclopedia articles. In medical contexts, the time-weighted average exposure limit is 0.05, and the level immediately dangerous to life or health is 100. The NIOSH Pocket Guide ID for lead is 0368.

Chemical identifiers include the formula Pb and the canonical SMILES string "[Pb]". The Unicode character for lead is "鉛". PubChem lists the compound weight as 207 and the IUPAC name as lead. It has zero hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, with a topological polar surface area of 0. PubMed records 962,367 entries for the query "lead."

Synthesized by Vinony from 30 facts across 4 sources: Wikidata, PubChem, PubMed, Vinony graph. Generated from structured data (not the Wikipedia text) and checked against those facts — may still contain errors.

Chemical data

Formula: Pb
Molecular weight: 207 g/mol
IUPAC name: lead
SMILES: [Pb]
InChIKey: WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Polar surface area: 0 Å²
H-bond donors: 0
H-bond acceptors: 0
Formal charge: 0

via PubChem

Research

962,367 papers

Lead poisoning.ReviewAustralian family physician · 1993Campbell B
Lead poisoning.ReviewPediatrics in review · 2000Markowitz MDOI: 10.1542/pir.21-10-327
Sources of lead exposure in various countries.ReviewReviews on environmental health · 2019Obeng-Gyasi EDOI: 10.1515/reveh-2018-0037
Lead.ReviewClinics in laboratory medicine · 1990Gerson B
Lead-interacting proteins and their implication in lead poisoning.ReviewCritical reviews in toxicology · 2018de Souza ID, de Andrade AS, Dalmolin RJSDOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1429387
Perspectives on lead toxicity.ReviewClinical biochemistry · 1993Lockitch GDOI: 10.1016/0009-9120(93)90113-k
Lead poisoning: Clinical and laboratory considerations.Advances in clinical chemistry · 2023Bunch D, Pyle-Eilola ALDOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.08.001
Biomarkers of lead exposure.ReviewIndustrial health · 2000Sakai TDOI: 10.2486/indhealth.38.127

via PubMed

Article · 中文

铅（拼音：qiān，注音：ㄑㄧㄢ；英語：Lead），是一種化學元素，其化學符號为Pb（源于拉丁語：Plumbum），原子序數为82，原子量為207.2 u。铅是比大多數常見材料密度更高的重金屬。它是柔軟、可鍛鑄、熔點较低的金属。剛切割出來的鉛呈略帶藍色的銀色，但暴露在空氣中後會，变成暗灰色。鉛是原子序最高的穩定元素，其三個穩定同位素是較重元素的主要衰變鏈的終點。鉛是一種較不易反應的後過渡金屬。它的弱金屬性由其兩性性質展現：铅傾向形成共價鍵，而它和它的氧化物與酸、鹼都会反應。和其它碳族元素的+4氧化态不同，铅在其化合物中通常以+2氧化態出现，但在有機鉛化合物中则和其它碳族元素一样以+4氧化态出现。鉛傾向與自身結合成鏈狀和多面體結構，这点与其它碳族元素类似。鉛很容易從其礦石中提取出來，这使得近东人很早就发现了它。方鉛礦是鉛的主要礦石，而这种矿石通常帶有銀。对银的需求使得古罗马开始广泛提取和使用铅。鉛的產量在羅馬帝國衰落後下降，直到工業革命才達到相比的水平。铅合金因为可以铸造印刷机的活字，所以在印刷机的发展中发挥了至关重要的作用。在2014年，鉛的全球年產量約為1000萬噸，其中一半以上來自回收。鉛的高密度、低熔點、延展性和對氧化的相對惰性使其有用。這些特性加上其相對豐富含量和低成本，使其廣泛用於建築、管路系統、鉛酸蓄電池、彈頭和散彈彈丸、砝碼、銲料、白镴、、、含鉛汽油和。鉛的毒性在19世纪后期广为人知，因此在許多應用中逐步淘汰。鉛是會在軟組織和骨骼中積累的神經毒素，會損害神經系統並干擾生物酶的功能，導致神經系統疾病。此外，铅还会影响健康、心血管和肾脏系统。

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