File:Plutonium_ring.jpg · Wikimedia Commons · See Wikimedia Commons
Also known as element 94, 94Pu
放射性化学元素,元素符号Pu,原子序数94,锕系元素之一
OverviewAI-generated
Plutonium is a chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. Its IUPAC name is plutonium, and it is represented by the chemical formula Pu. The element has an electronegativity of 1.28 and an ionic radius of 1. Its canonical SMILES notation is [Pu], and it is associated with the Unicode character 鈽.
The atomic weight of plutonium is 244.06420. It has a charge of 0, with 0 hydrogen bond donors and 0 hydrogen bond acceptors. The topological polar surface area (TPSA) is 0. The PubChem Compound ID (CID) for plutonium is 23940, and its InChIKey is OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N.
Plutonium was discovered on January 1, 1941. It is referenced by 2,131 other encyclopedia articles. There are 5,141 PubMed records associated with the query for plutonium.
Synthesized by Vinony from 22 facts across 4 sources: Wikidata, PubChem, PubMed, Vinony graph. Generated from structured data (not the Wikipedia text) and checked against those facts — may still contain errors.
Chemical data
- Formula
- Pu
- Molecular weight
- 244.0642 g/mol
- IUPAC name
- plutonium
- SMILES
- [Pu]
- InChIKey
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- Polar surface area
- 0 Ų
- H-bond donors
- 0
- H-bond acceptors
- 0
- Formal charge
- 0
via PubChem
Research
5,141 papers- Plutonium production and particles incorporation into the human body.ReviewJournal of environmental radioactivity · 2020Romanov SA, Efimov АV, Aladova ЕЕ et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106073
- Plutonium: biomedical research.ReviewScience (New York, N.Y.) · 1974Bair WJ, Thompson RCDOI: 10.1126/science.183.4126.715
- Plutonium in the atmosphere: A global perspective.ReviewJournal of environmental radioactivity · 2017Thakur P, Khaing H, Salminen-Paatero SDOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.04.008
- Improved Modeling of Plutonium-DTPA Decorporation.Radiation research · 2019Dumit S, Avtandilashvili M, Strom DJ et al.DOI: 10.1667/RR15188.1
- Review of the sources and behaviors of plutonium isotopes in the atmosphere and ocean.ReviewJournal of environmental radioactivity · 2024Hirose KDOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2024.107466
- Plutonium Systemic Biokinetic Model for Rats.Radiation research · 2022Klumpp JA, Poudel D, Dumit S et al.DOI: 10.1667/RADE-22-00102.1
- Plutonium in the arctic marine environment--a short review.ReviewTheScientificWorldJournal · 2004Skipperud LDOI: 10.1100/tsw.2004.100
- Precise determination of plutonium in nuclear fuel process samples.Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry · 2022Dhamodharan K, Das SN, Sivakumar D et al.DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21P281
via PubMed
Article · 中文
鈽(英語:Plutonium;中國大陸译为钚、港澳译为鈈【拼音:bù,注音:ㄅㄨˋ】,台灣譯為鈽【拼音:bù,注音:ㄅㄨˋ】),是一種化學元素,其化學符號为Pu,原子序數为94。屬於錒系元素,是第二個超鈾元素,具有放射性。鈽的外觀為銀白色金屬,接觸空氣後容易腐蝕、氧化,在表面生成無光澤的二氧化鈽。鈽有六种同素異形體和四種氧化態,易和碳、鹵素、氮、矽起化學反應。鈽暴露在潮濕的空氣中時會產生氧化物和氫化物,其體積最大可膨脹70%,屑狀的钚能自燃。它也是一种放射性毒物,会於骨髓中富集。因此,操作、處理鈽元素具有一定的危險性。 1940年,格倫·西奧多·西博格和埃德溫·麥克米倫首度在柏克萊加州大學實驗室,以氘撞擊鈾-238合成出鈽元素,是繼錼之後第二個被合成出的超鈾元素。麥克米倫將這個新元素取名Pluto(意為冥王星),西博格便開玩笑提議定其元素符號為Pu(音類似英語中表嫌惡時的口語「pew」)。科學家隨後在鈾礦中發現了微量的鈽,是矿石中的鈾-238经过中子俘获紧接着發生两次β衰变而成的:(238U → 239U → 239Np → ),因此鈽是少數存在於自然界中的超鈾元素,也是天然存在於自然界中原子序最大的元素。 鈽沒有穩定同位素,最長壽的同位素是鈽-244,半衰期約為八千萬年。而工業及軍事上最重要的鈽同位素是鈽-239,半衰期為2.41萬年,常被用來製造核武器。 鈽-239和鈽-241都易于裂變,即它們的原子核可以在慢速熱中子撞擊下產生核分裂,釋出能量、伽馬射線以及中子輻射,從而形成核連鎖反應,並應用在核武器與核反應爐上。另外,鈽-238的半衰期為88年、並放出α粒子,它是放射性同位素熱電機的熱量來源,常用於驅動太空船;而鈽-240自發裂變的比率很高,容易造成中子通量激增,因而影響了鈽作為核武及反應器燃料的適用性。分離鈽同位素的過程成本極高又耗時費力,因此鈽的特定同位素時幾乎都是以特殊反應合成。 第二次世界大战期间,曼哈頓計劃首度將製造微量鈽元素列為主要任務之一,曼哈頓計劃後來成功研製出第一個原子彈。1945年7月的第一次核試驗「三一试验」,以及第二次、投於長崎市的「胖子原子彈」,都使用了鈽製作內核部分。關於鈽元素的研究並在未經之下進行,二次大戰期間及戰後都有數次核試驗相關意外,其中有的甚至造成傷亡。核能發電廠核廢料的清除,以及冷戰期間所打造的核武建設在後的廢用,都延伸出日後以及環境等問題。非陸上核試驗也會釋出殘餘的原子塵,現已依《部分禁止核試驗條約》明令禁止。
Abstract from DBpedia / Wikipedia · CC BY-SA
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