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Pointers store memory addresses and provide indirect access to data. References create an alternative name for an existing variable. Both are commonly used for efficient parameter passing and data manipulation. Pointers are variables that store the memory address of another variable. They provide direct access to memory locations and are commonly used for dynamic memory allocation, efficient parameter passing, and implementing complex data structures. Store the address of a variable or memory location. Can be reassigned to point to different variables. Can store a nullptr value when not pointing to any valid memory location. Require the dereference operator ( ) to access the value stored at the address. Have their own memory address independent of the variable they point to. Pointers and references are both used to access and manipulate data indirectly, but they differ in how they store and refer to memory. The following table highlights the key differences between pointers and references in C++.