Sikh Empire
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The Sikh Empire was a powerful state that ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1799 to 1849, representing a significant period of Sikh political and military strength in South Asian history. It matters because it was one of the last major independent kingdoms in India before British colonial expansion, and it demonstrated the Sikhs' ability to build and govern a large empire during a transformative era.
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Today part of India Pakistan China
The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Sikh War. At its peak in the mid-19th century the empire extended from Gilgit and Tibet in the north to the deserts of Sindh in the south and from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej in the east, and was divided into 8 provinces. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 12 million in 1800 (making it the 12th most populous state at the time), it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.