Sulfurimonas

Sulfurimonas is a bacterial genus within the class of Campylobacterota, known for reducing nitrate, oxidizing both sulfur and hydrogen, and containing Group IV hydrogenases. This genus consists of four species: Sulfurimonas autorophica, Sulfurimonas denitrificans, Sulfurimonas gotlandica, and Sulfurimonas paralvinellae. The genus' name is derived from "sulfur" in Latin and "monas" from Greek, together meaning a "sulfur-oxidizing rod". The size of the bacteria varies between about 1.5-2.5 μm in length and 0.5-1.0 μm in width. Members of the genus Sulfurimonas are found in a variety of different environments which include deep sea-vents, marine sediments, and terrestrial habitats. Their ability to survive in extreme conditions is attributed to multiple copies of one enzyme. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that members of the genus Sulfurimonas have limited dispersal ability and its speciation was affected by geographical isolation rather than hydrothermal composition. Deep ocean currents affect the dispersal of Sulfurimonas spp., influencing its speciation. As shown in the MLSA report of deep-sea hydrothermal vents Campylobacterota, Sulfurimonas has a higher dispersal capability compared with deep sea hydrothermal vent thermophiles, indicating allopatric speciation.

== Characteristics == {| class="wikitable" |+Table 1. Specific characteristics of the four species within Sulfurimonas genus !Species !Size !Morphology !Movement !Temperature dependence !Habitat conditions !Optimal conditions !Doubling time under optimal conditions(hours) |- |Sulfurimonas autotrophica |1.5-2.5 x 0.5-1.0 μm |Rod |A single polar flagellum |Mesophilic |Temperature: 10 - 40 °C pH: 5 - 9 |Temperature: 23 - 26 °CPH= 6.5 |1.4 |- |Sulfurimonas denitrificans |Variable length with width ~0.3μm |Short Rod or Spirilla-liked |N/A |Mesophilic |Temperature: 10-30 °C; pH: 7 |Temperature: 22 °C PH=7 |12 |- |Sulfurimonas gotlandica |0.66±0.083 x 62.1±0.54 μm |Curved Rod or Spirilla-liked |One polar flagella or two flagella at opposite poles |Psychrotolerant |Temperature: 4 – 20 °C pH: 6.7–8.0 |Temperature: 15 °C |13 |- |Sulfurimonas paralvinellae |1.50–2.50 μm × 0.6–0.8 μm |Rod |moving flagellum 1.5–2.5 μm long and 0.6–0.8 μm wide |Mesophilic |Temp: 4-35 °C pH: 5.4-8.6 |Temperature: 30 °C pH=6.1 |13-16 |}