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Sumer ( ) is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the 5th and 4th millennium BC. Like nearby Elam, it is one of the cradles of civilization, along with Egypt, the Indus Valley, the Erligang culture of the Yellow River valley, Caral-Supe, and Mesoamerica. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, a surplus of which enabled them to form urban settlements. The world's earliest k

AI overview

Sumer was the earliest known civilization, located in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day south-central Iraq), that emerged between the 5th and 4th millennium BC in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It matters because it stands as one of humanity's original cradles of civilization, where agricultural surplus from grain farming enabled the development of the world's first urban settlements.

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Key facts

Archaeological culture.name: Sumer( – )
Archaeological culture.map: 300px
Archaeological culture.mapcaption: The general location on a modern map, and main cities of Sumer with ancient coastline. The coastline nearly reached Ur in ancient times.
Archaeological culture.religion: Sumerian religion
Archaeological culture.language: Sumerian
Archaeological culture.region: Mesopotamia, Near East, Middle East
Archaeological culture.period: Chalcolithic, Bronze Age
Archaeological culture.precededby: Ubaid period
Archaeological culture.followedby: Akkadian Empire