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The Holocaust

Also known as Holocaust, the Shoah, Shoah

The Holocaust, known in Hebrew as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered around six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, approximately two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were committed primarily through mass shootings across Eastern Europe and poison gas chambers in extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, Chełmno and Majdanek death camps in occupied Poland. Concurrent Nazi persecutions killed millions of other non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs); the term Holocaust is sometimes used to include the murder and persecution of non-Jewish groups, such as the Romani and Soviet POWs.

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The Holocaust is a genocide and ethnic violence that occurred between 1933 and 1945. It is considered a crime against humanity and a hate crime, with antisemitism and racism cited as its causes. The event is also referred to as the Final Solution. Perpetrators included Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, Reinhard Heydrich, and the SS-Totenkopfverbände. Defendants at the Nuremberg Trials included Hitler, Hermann Göring, and others on the list of accused.

The violence took place in locations such as Nazi Germany, German-occupied Europe, Italian Libya, and Italian Ethiopia. It involved the German Reich, the Kingdom of Romania, and the Independent State of Croatia. The Holocaust is part of the broader persecution of Jews and antisemitism. Specific regional events include the Holocaust in the Netherlands, France, Poland, and Lithuania. The subject is studied through Holocaust studies.

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