19th-century atheists

German-born philosopher (1818-1883)

founding leader of the Soviet Union (1870–1924)

German philosopher (1844-1900)

German philosopher, sociologist and economist (1820–1895)

French novelist, critic and essayist (1871–1922)

British philosopher and logician (1872–1970)

German philosopher (1788-1860)

English modernist writer (1882–1941)

British Romantic poet (1792–1822)

Russian revolutionary anarchist and philosopher (1814–1876)

French physicist (1859–1906)

Russian-born American anarchist (1869–1940)

Italian poet and literary critic (1835-1907)

Russian revolutionary socialist and philosopher (1842–1921)

American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer (1859–1952)

American dancer and choreographer (1877–1927)

German philosopher and anthropologist (1804–1872)

British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer (1748–1832)

father of modern political Zionism (1860–1904)

German philosopher (1806-1856)

Spanish-American philosopher

Russian literary critic

Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (1888–1934)

French mathematician, physicist, astronomer and politician (1786-1853)

English journalist, political philosopher and novelist

French philosopher and sociologist

Russian-American anarchist and writer (1870–1936)

German philosopher and theologian (1809–1882)

French author, politician, poet, and critic (1868–1952)

anarchist (1853-1932)

Harriet Martineau was an English social theorist. She wrote from a sociological, holistic, religious and feminine angle, translated works by Auguste Comte, and, rare for a woman writer at the time, earned enough to support herself.

Iranian Azerbaijani playwright and literary critic

Indian politician (1883-1966)

American anarchist writer and feminist

American journalist and anarchist (1854-1939)

German philosopher and scientist (1824-1899)

Hungarian activist, editor (1877-1948)

German poet and philosopher (1841–1876)

German-American anarchist

British freethinker and politician (1833–1891)

French writer (1854–1907)

American feminist activist (1810–1892)

German philosopher (1828-1888)

British classical scholar, linguist and feminist (1850–1928)

Mexican anarchist and social reform activist (1874–1922)

French writer and philosopher (1750-1803)

Italian anarchist (1861–1931)

Spanish politician (1884-1950)

French anarchist (1858–1942)

American naturalist and essayist (1837-1921)

British writer and social reformer (1851–1939)

French philosopher and artist (1738-1810)

British biologist (1849-1898)

British writer (1867–1955)

French individualist anarchist (1872-1962)

Austrian philosopher (1873-1926)

Argentine philosopher (1877–1925)

German philosopher (1820–1886)

British publisher and social reformer

British secularist and journal editor (1850-1915)