Biotechnology

Pyrosequencing is a non-electrophoretic DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) method based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. Pyrosequencing relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophosphate is released, hence, the name given it.

Biotransformation is the biochemical modification of one chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds. Biotransformations can be conducted with whole cells, their lysates, or purified enzymes. Increasingly, biotransformations are effected with purified enzymes. Major industries and life-saving technologies depend on biotransformations.

type of immunoglobulin

REDIRECT Biohydrometallurgy

preservation of biological tissue

non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides

protein complex which is capable of increasing the processivity of nucleotide polymerization by DNA polymerase as a part of DNA replication

thumb|Viola lutea subsp. calaminaria, also known as the zinc violet, grows in soils high in zinc.

Xenobiology (XB) is a subfield of synthetic biology, the study of synthesizing and manipulating biological devices and systems. The name "xenobiology" derives from the Greek word xenos, which means "stranger, alien". Xenobiology is a form of biology that is not (yet) familiar to science and is not found in nature. In practice, it describes novel biological systems and biochemistries that differ from the canonical DNA–RNA-20 amino acid system (see central dogma of molecular biology). For example, instead of DNA or RNA, the field of xenobiology explores nucleic acid analogues, termed xeno nuclei

biochemical and genetic engineering processes involved in the synthesis, modification, and production of protein products for various applications

thumb|300px| A ribosome is a [[biological machine that utilizes protein domain dynamics, which can only be seen by neutron spin echo spectroscopy]]

An organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a multi-channel 3D microfluidic cell culture, integrated circuit (chip) that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of an entire organ or an organ system. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context. By acting as a more sophisticated in vitro approximation of complex tissues than standard cell culture, they provide the potential as an alternative to

thumb|250x250px|Carcass of a shrew surrounded by multiple necrophages, including a blow fly and [[burying beetle.]] Necrophages (also known as carrion feeders) are animals that feed on decomposing dead animal biomass, such as the muscle and soft tissue of carcasses or corpses. The term derives from Greek , meaning 'dead', and , meaning 'to eat'. Many hundreds of necrophagous species have been identified including invertebrates in the insect, malacostracan and gastropod classes and vertebrates such as vultures, hyenas, quolls and wolves.

Measurable indicator

Palivizumab, sold under the brand name Synagis, is a monoclonal antibody produced by recombinant DNA technology used to prevent severe disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. It is recommended for infants at high-risk for RSV due to conditions such as prematurity or other medical problems including heart or lung diseases.

cell component formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers

chemical compound

Biorobotics is an interdisciplinary science that combines the fields of biomedical engineering, cybernetics, and robotics to develop new technologies that integrate biology with mechanical systems to develop more efficient communication, alter genetic information, and create machines that imitate biological systems.

class of biopharmaceutical drug

Virotherapy is a treatment using biotechnology to convert viruses into therapeutic agents by reprogramming viruses to treat diseases. There are three main branches of virotherapy: anti-cancer oncolytic viruses, viral vectors for gene therapy and viral immunotherapy. These branches use three different types of treatment methods: gene overexpression, gene knockout, and suicide gene delivery. Gene overexpression adds genetic sequences that compensate for low to zero levels of needed gene expression. Gene knockout uses RNA methods to silence or reduce expression of disease-causing genes. Suicide g

type of DNA in bacterial genomes

vegetable

method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA

systems of biologically derived molecules that perform computational processes

species of fungus

edible unicellular microorganisms, specifically those high in protein

The study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)

thumb|Polyethylene glycol PEGylation (or pegylation) is the process of both covalent and non-covalent attachment or amalgamation of polyethylene glycol (PEG, in pharmacy called macrogol) polymer chains to molecules and macrostructures, such as a drug, therapeutic protein or vesicle, which is then described as PEGylated. PEGylation affects the resulting derivatives or aggregates interactions, which typically slows down their coalescence and degradation as well as elimination in vivo.

biomedical and genomic research center

technics

biotechnological social movement

pharmaceutical drug that suppresses the physiologic response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

type of healthcare company

process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation to generate mutants with desirable traits

process of compacting DNA molecules

subfield of biotechnology

thumb|Microinjection of a fluorescent dye into [[Ciona intestinalis eggs positioned in a microwell array.]]

multipotent stem cell in the adult body

In biology, axenic (, ) describes the state of a culture in which only a single species, variety, or strain of organism is present and entirely free of all other contaminating organisms. The earliest axenic cultures were of bacteria or unicellular eukaryotes, but axenic cultures of many multicellular organisms are also possible. Axenic culture is an important tool for the study of symbiotic and parasitic organisms in a controlled environment.

small molecule

thumb|An amplicon sequence template that has been prepared for amplification. The target sequence to be amplified is colored green. In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events. It can be formed artificially, using various methods including polymerase chain reactions (PCR) or ligase chain reactions (LCR), or naturally through gene duplication. In this context, amplification refers to the production of one or more copies of a genetic fragment or target sequence, specifically the amplicon. As it refers to the product

BamHI (pronounced "Bam H one") (from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) is a type II restriction endonuclease, having the capacity for recognizing short sequences (6 bp) of DNA and specifically cleaving them at a target site. This exhibit focuses on the structure-function relations of BamHI as described by Newman, et al. (1995). BamHI binds at the recognition sequence 5'-GGATCC-3', and cleaves these sequences just after the 5'-guanine on each strand. This cleavage results in sticky ends which are 4 bp long. In its unbound form, BamHI displays a central b sheet, which resides in between α-helices.

introduction of foreign genetic material into host cells

thumb|Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom)|300x300px Mycoremediation (from ancient Greek (), meaning "fungus", and the suffix , in Latin meaning 'restoring balance') is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based remediation methods are used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a cheap, effective and environmentally sound way for removing a wide array of contaminants from damaged environments or wastewater. These contaminants include heavy metals, organic pollutants, textile dyes, leather tanning chemicals and wastewater, petroleum fuels, polycyclic aromatic hydroc

genetic engineering method

examines the sequence information from individual cells with optimized next-generation sequencing technologies

plasmid specifically used for protein expression in the target

intentional use of fermentation by microorganisms

operational technique in biotechnological

biological process

biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the natural environment

Electromethanogenesis is a form of electrofuel production where methane is produced by direct biological conversion of electrical current and carbon dioxide.

thumb|400px|Examples of various lipid species.

Oncogenomics is a sub-field of genomics that characterizes cancer-associated genes. It focuses on genomic, epigenomic and transcript alterations in cancer.

method to derive a plant or embryo from a single somatic cell

genetic engineering to produce pharmaceuticals

DNA sequencing method

graph of enzyme kinetics

thumb|300px|right|This image diagrams the procedure of subcloning as outlined to the left. In molecular biology, subcloning is a technique used to move a particular DNA sequence from a parent vector to a destination vector.

isothermic nucleic acid amplification test technology