DNA

thumb|right|upright=1.33|The structure of the DNA double helix (type [[B-DNA). The atoms in the structure are colour-coded by element and the detailed structures of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right.]] thumb|Simplified diagram

British molecular biologist, biophysicist, neuroscientist; co-discoverer of the structure of DNA

large biomolecules essential to known life

thumb|An image of the 46 chromosomes making up the diploid genome of a human male (the mitochondrial chromosomes are not shown).

thumb|275px|class=skin-invert-image|This nucleotide contains the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose (at center), a [[nucleobase called adenine (upper right), and one phosphate group (left). The deoxyribose sugar joined only to the nitrogenous base forms a Deoxyribonucleoside called deoxyadenosine, whereas the whole structure along with the phosphate group is a nucleotide, a constituent of DNA with the name deoxyadenosine monophosphate.]]

cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA

DNA located in organelles called mitochondria

technique used to identify an individual on the basis of their DNA characteristics

Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group. A nucleoside consists simply of a nucleobase (also termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-carbon sugar (ribose or 2'-deoxyribose) whereas a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. In a nucleoside, the anomeric carbon is linked through a glycosidic bond to the N9 of a purine or the N1 of a pyrimidine. Nucleotides are the molecular building blocks of DNA and RNA.

An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. The word intron is derived from the term intragenic region, i.e., a region inside a gene. The term intron refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding RNA sequence in RNA transcripts. The non-intron sequences that become joined by this RNA processing to form the mature RNA are called exons.

thumb|Introns are removed and exons joined in the process of RNA splicing. RNAs could be mRNA or [[non-coding RNA.]] An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term exon refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to one another as part of generating the mature RNA. Just as the entire set of genes for a species constitutes the genome, the entire set of exons consti

Enzyme that synthesizes DNA from a nucleic acid template

A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the , haploûs, "onefold, simple" and ) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. More specifically, a haplotype is a combination of alleles at different chromosomal regions that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together. As a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is usually possible to predict a haplogroup from haplotypes. Haplogroups pertain to a single line of descent. Such as t

nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides

protein that binds to DNA and regulates gene expression by promoting or suppressing transcription

subclass of viruses

succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule

DNA not coding for protein. Often translated to RNA and critical in regulating other genes

single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template

the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine

use of large set of oligonucleotide probes

process that modulates frequency, rate or extent of gene expression

experiment

use of DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogical methods to infer relationships between individuals and find ancestors

computing using molecular biology hardware

DNA isolated from ancient specimens

End-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid

novel type of vaccine

gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species

compressed DNA loop supercoiled by prokaryotes to fit within a small space

DNA located in cellular organelles called plastids

Branched nucleic acid structure containing four double-stranded arms

two rules about the percentage of A, C, G, and T in DNA strands

thumb|400px|Nucleotide bonds showing AT and GC pairs. Arrows point to the hydrogen bonds. In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or G+C content or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases in a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C). This measure indicates the proportion of G and C bases out of an implied four total bases, also including adenine and thymine in DNA and adenine and uracil in RNA.

sequencing all the DNA of an individual at once

first codon of a messenger RNA transcript translated by a ribosome

nature of the roles of nucleic acid molecules in specifying amino acids: DNA is positive-sense if an RNA version of the same sequence is translated or translatable into protein, negative-sense if not

right|200px|thumb|alt="The A-DNA structure"|The A-DNA structure.

process that prevents the expression of a gene

repetitive DNA with distinct base composition observed using isopycnic centrifugation

the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA.

Nuclear DNA is the DNA inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

right|frame|The Z-DNA structure. Z-DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the helix winds to the left in a zigzag pattern, instead of to the right, like the more common B-DNA form. Z-DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double-helical structures along with A-DNA and B-DNA.

synthetic nucleic acid (eight nucleobases — four natural, and four synthetic)

thumb|An example of an RNA stem-loop

collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism

photograph of X-ray diffraction image of DNA fibers

thumb|400px |Structure of a G-quadruplex. Left: a G-tetrad. Right: an intramolecular G4 complex.

portion of a gene's DNA or RNA, composed of exons, that codes for protein; composed of codons, which are decoded, translated into proteins by the ribosome; begins with the start codon and end with a stop codon

DNA that is collected from a variety of environmental samples such as soil, seawater, snow or even air rather than directly sampled from an individual organism

bacterial DNA fragments

most common variant of a genetic sequence across samples

isolation of DNA

DNA-based genetic test

class of enzymes

technique used to measure similarity in DNA sequences

specific region of DNA that that codes for ribosomal RNA

basepairing interactions within a single nucleic acid polymer or between two polymers, list of bases which are paired in a nucleic acid molecule

C-value is the amount, in picograms, of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus (e.g. a gamete) or one half the amount in a diploid somatic cell of a eukaryotic organism. In some cases (notably among diploid organisms), the terms C-value and genome size are used interchangeably; however, in polyploids the C-value may represent two or more genomes contained within the same nucleus. Greilhuber et al. have suggested some new layers of terminology and associated abbreviations to clarify this issue, but these somewhat complex additions are yet to be used by other authors.

organization of DNA and RNA molecules at different scales