Exercise biochemistry

Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist (1896–1957)

metabolic pathway

Czech Nobel prize laureate and scientist (1896–1984)

thumb|Creatine monohydrate powder

phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain

thumb|Part of the myosin II structure. Atoms in the heavy chain are colored pink (on the left-hand side); atoms in the light chains are colored faded-orange and faded-yellow (also on the left-hand side). Myosins () are a family of motor proteins (though most often protein complexes) best known for their roles in muscle contraction and in a wide range of other motility processes in eukaryotes. They are ATP-dependent and responsible for actin-based motility.

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. It is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. It is one of two primary mechanisms – the other being degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis) – used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood sugar levels, avoiding low levels (hypoglycemia). In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates te

the metabolic pathway where lactic acid produced in the muscles is converted into glucose in the liver

thumb|Twins Tashi and Nungshi Malik on endurance trek at the foothills of the Himalayas

physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process

small group of chemical compounds

class of enzymes

class of enzymes

maximum rate of oxygen consumption as measured during incremental exercise, most typically on a motorized treadmill

A hexokinase is an enzyme that irreversibly phosphorylates hexoses (six-carbon sugars), forming hexose phosphate. In most organisms, glucose is the most important substrate for hexokinases, and glucose-6-phosphate is the most important product. Hexokinase possesses the ability to transfer an inorganic phosphate group from ATP to a substrate.

physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate formation

exercise strategy alternating periods of short intense exercise with less-intense recovery periods

class of enzymes

type of discontinuous physical training

G protein-coupled receptor

Transient state of euphoria from physical exertion

chemical compound

sudden fatigue during endurance sports

exercising to increase endurance

Phosphoglucomutase-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PGM1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family. There are several PGM isozymes, which are encoded by different genes and catalyze the transfer of phosphate between the 1 and 6 positions of glucose. In most cell types, this PGM isozyme is predominant, representing about 90% of total PGM activity. In red blood cells, PGM2 is a major isozyme. This gene is highly polymorphic. Mutations in this gene cause CDG syndrome type 1t (CDG1T, formerly known

measurement representing the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body

Increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity

A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibers) in response to muscular contractions. They have autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects; their systemic effects occur at picomolar concentrations.

exercise phenomenon

neural, cognitive, and behavioral effects of physical exercise

measurement of the heat from living organisms through indirect means

medical condition

oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise

applied to the measurement of cardiac output