Mitosis

thumb|upright=1.5|Mitosis in the animal cell cycle (phases ordered counter-clockwise).

thumb|In the diagram, (1) refers to a chromatid: 1-half of two identical threadlike strands of a replicated chromosome. During cell division, the identical copies (called a "sister chromatid pair") are joined at the region called the [[centromere (2). Once the paired sister chromatids have separated from one another (in the anaphase of mitosis) each is known as a daughter chromosome. The short arm of the right chromatid (3), and the long arm of the right chromatid (4), are also marked.]] thumb|220px|Schematic karyogram of the human chromosomes, showing their usual state in the G0 and G1 phase

thumb|right|159px|An illustration of interphase. The chromatin has not yet condensed, and the cell is undergoing its normal functions. thumb |right|159px|An image of the nucleus of a cell (HT1080) currently in interphase (likely G1). Note: [[Cytoplasm of this cell or the neighboring cell is not visible (top-left), which is currently in the telophase of mitosis. Image taken using an optical microscope and DAPI staining of DNA.]] Interphase is the active portion of the cell cycle that includes the G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis, respectiv

thumb|upright=1.35|Diagram of cytokinesis

thumb|upright=1.35|Diagram of anaphase

thumb|upright=1.35|The mitotic spindle checkpoint verifies that all the chromosomes are aligned properly on the metaphase plate and prevents premature entry into anaphase.

alt=A detailed diagram of telophase|thumb|upright=1.35|Diagram of telophase

array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart

300px|thumb|Image of kinetochores in pink

thumb|upright=1.35|Diagram of prometaphase Prometaphase is the stage of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase in eukaryotic somatic cells. In prometaphase, the nuclear membrane breaks apart into numerous "membrane vesicles," and the chromosomes inside form protein structures called kinetochores. Kinetochore microtubules emerging from the centrosomes at the poles (ends) of the spindle reach the chromosomes and attach to the kinetochores, throwing the chromosomes into agitated motion. Other spindle microtubules make contact with microtubules coming from the opposite pole. Forces exe

A mitogen is a small bioactive protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division, or enhances the rate of division (mitosis). Mitogenesis is the induction (triggering) of mitosis, typically via a mitogen.

thumb|Diagram of cohesin showing its four constituent protein subunits

thumb|300px|Phragmoplast and cell plate formation in a plant cell during cytokinesis. Left side: Phragmoplast forms and cell plate starts to assemble in the center of the cell. Towards the right: Phragmoplast enlarges in a donut-shape towards the outside of the cell, leaving behind mature cell plate in the center. The cell plate will transform into the new cell wall once cytokinesis is complete.

450px|thumb|Figure 1. An interphase nucleus (left) and a set of mitotic chromosomes (right) from human tissue culture cells. Bar, 10 μm. Condensins are large protein complexes that play a central role in chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis and meiosis (Figure 1). Their subunits were originally identified as major components of mitotic chromosomes assembled in Xenopus egg extracts.

ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which

Separase, also known as separin, is a cysteine protease responsible for triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin, which is the protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during the early stage of anaphase. In humans, separin is encoded by the ESPL1 gene.

chemical

InterPro Family

thumb|Phragmosome formation in a highly vacuolated plant cell. From top to bottom: 1) Interphase cell with large central vacuole. 2) Cytoplasmic strands starting to penetrate vacuole. 3) Nucleus migration into center and formation of the phragmosome. 4) Phragmosome formation completed and formation of preprophase band marking future cell division plane.

Securin is a protein involved in control of the metaphase-anaphase transition and anaphase onset. Following bi-orientation of chromosome pairs and inactivation of the spindle checkpoint system, the underlying regulatory system, which includes securin, produces an abrupt stimulus that induces highly synchronous chromosome separation in anaphase.

cellular structure shaped like a star

nascent cell membrane and cell wall structure that forms between two daughter nuclei near the center of a dividing plant cell

thumb|Schematic representation of types of cytokinesis in the green algae: 1) Phycoplast formation with cleavage furrow (e.g. Chlamydomonas); 2) Cleavage furrow and persistent telophase spindle (e.g. Klebsormidium); 3) Phycoplast and cell plate formation (e.g. Fritschiella); 4) Persistent telophase spindle/phragmoplast with cell plate formation (e.g. [[Coleochaete)]]

degree to which a cell population proliferates, used in oncology to evaluate the aggressiveness of tumors

350px|right|thumb|Microtubule dynamics during preprophase and prophase in plant cell mitosis, modified from Donukshe et al. The images follow a Tobacco BY-2 cells|tobacco BY-2 cell through the first stages of mitosis (c. 12 minutes). The growing ends of microtubules are shown in green (labeled with [[green fluorescent protein fused to the microtubule plus end binding protein EB1 of Arabidopsis thaliana). N = Nucleus, V = Vacuole, PPB = Preprophase band, MTN = Microtubule nucleation starts at the nuclear envelope, NEB = Nuclear envelope breakdown at the onset of prometaphase. Also see the movie

dense band of microtubules, 1-3 pm wide, that appears just beneath the cell membrane before the start of cell division in the cells of higher plants. It precedes the onset of prophase and then disappears as mitosis begins, yet it somehow determines

contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck in mitotic cells that divide by budding in preparation for completing cytokinesis. An example of t