Philosophers of culture

Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.

German-born philosopher (1818-1883)

Confucius (), born Kong Qiu, was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the Sinosphere originates in the philosophy and teachings of Confucius. His philosophical teachings, called Confucianism, emphasized personal and governmental morality, harmonious social relationships, righteousness, kindness, sincerity, and a ruler's responsibilities to lead by virtue.

Russian author (1828–1910)

Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer (1712-1778)

Argentine writer, essayist, poet and translator (1899–1986)

English philosopher and statesman (1561–1626)

Dutch philosopher (1632-1677)

Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)

6th century BCE Chinese general and military strategist

English philosopher (1588–1679)

British philosopher and political economist (1806–1873)

Czech statesman, playwright, and former dissident, the last president of Czechoslovakia and the first president of the Czech Republic (1936–2011)

Russian revolutionary anarchist and philosopher (1814–1876)

Ibn Rushd (14 April 112611 December 1198), Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who was proficient in a variety of intellectual fields, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics. The author of more than 100 books and treatises, his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle, for which he was known in the Western world as "The Commentator" and "Father of Rationalism".

Austrian-British philosopher of science and social and política e falsificationism and for criticism of Plato, Hegel and Marx as totalitarian opponents of open society (1902-1994)

German-American political theorist and philosopher (1906–1975)

Italian Marxist philosopher, writer, and politician (1891–1937)

Anglo-Irish statesman, political theorist and conservative philosopher (1729–1797)

English philosopher and political theorist (1820–1903)

Franco-Czechoslovak poet and novelist (1929—2023)

Swiss linguist and philosopher (1857–1913)

Mencius (孟子, Mèngzǐ, ; ), born Meng Ke (), was a Chinese Confucian philosopher, often described as the Second Sage () to reflect his traditional esteem relative to Confucius himself. He was part of Confucius's fourth generation of disciples, inheriting his ideology and developing it further. Living during the Warring States period, he is said to have spent much of his life travelling around the states offering counsel to different rulers. Conversations with these rulers form the basis of the Mencius, which would later be canonised as a Confucian classic.

German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology (*1859 – †1938)

French philosopher (1930–2004)

Chinese Taoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BC)

Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)

thumbnail|200px|Postage stamp of the USSR, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (; – 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist. He has been designated as "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism", and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy".

Prussian philosopher, government official, diplomat, and educator (1767–1835)

Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist (1883–1955)

Romanian-French philosopher and essayist (1911–1995)

German-born French philosopher (1723–1789)

Spanish-American philosopher

Italian Renaissance philosopher (1463–1494)

Irish-born British writer and philosopher (1919–1999)

Hungarian marxist philosopher and literary critic (1885–1971)

American-Canadian speculative fiction writer (born 1948)

Mozi, personal name Mo Di,

Canadian author and activist (born 1970)

Italian philosopher and esotericist (1898-1974)

Jewish-French-Lithuanian philosopher

Song Dynasty chancellor and poet (1021-1086)

Hungarian economist, philosopher and historian

Scottish philosopher and historian; (1723-1816)

Hungarian-British polymath (1891–1976)

American philosopher (1901–1985)

Argentine-Canadian philosopher (1919-2020)

Thiruvalluvar, commonly known as Valluvar, was an Indian poet and philosopher. He is best known as the author of the Tirukkuṟaḷ, a collection of couplets on ethics, political and economic matters, and love. The text is considered an exceptional and widely cherished work of Tamil literature.

Indian political activist and intellectual

Finland Swedish philosopher, professor and member of the Academy of Finland (1916–2003)

British-American philosopher and writer

Czech philosopher and photographer

German-born British philosopher

Spanish essayist and university professor

Song dynasty person (CBDB = 3762)

Basque writer and philosopher

Israeli artist, painter, photographer, theorist and psychoanalyst (born 1948)

Belgian debater, philosopher and skeptic (1934–2019)

Dutch Reformed theologian (1854-1921)

Japanese philosopher