Philosophers of science

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum theory. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from special relativity, has been called "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for "his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".

Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.

German-born philosopher (1818-1883)

Italian polymath (1564-1642)

Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer (1712-1778)

American polymath and statesman (1706–1790)

Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world. He was a seminal figure of the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers, and was influential to medieval European medical and Scholastic thought.

Danish physicist (1885–1962)

Dutch philosopher (1632-1677)

Austrian physicist (1887–1961)

ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician

Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian (1711-1776)

Ibn Rushd (14 April 112611 December 1198), Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who was proficient in a variety of intellectual fields, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics. The author of more than 100 books and treatises, his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle, for which he was known in the Western world as "The Commentator" and "Father of Rationalism".

German-American political theorist and philosopher (1906–1975)

Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor

Irish idealist philosopher and Anglican bishop (1685–1753)

Empedocles (; ; , 444–443 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a native citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is known best for originating the cosmogonic theory of the four classical elements. He also proposed forces he called Love and Strife which would mix and separate the elements, respectively.

Persian physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c. 965 – c. 1040)

Polish science fiction author, philosopher and futurologist, studied medical doctor (1921–2006)

French philosopher (1930–2004)

English mathematician and philosopher (1861–1947)

Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)

German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher (1883–1969)

thumbnail|200px|Postage stamp of the USSR, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (; – 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist. He has been designated as "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism", and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy".

Swedish 18th century scientist and theologian (1688-1772)

Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist (1883–1955)

Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (; ; ; ) was an Arab polymath who was active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Islamic peripatetic philosophers, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy".

German-born French philosopher (1723–1789)

American author, philosopher and neuroscientist (born 1967)

American philosopher (1942–2024)

German philosopher and logician (1891–1970)

Mozi, personal name Mo Di,

American-Canadian speculative fiction writer (born 1948)

Bohemian mathematician and priest (1781–1848)

Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science (1922-1974)

English philosopher

Polish-American logician (1901-1983)

English philosopher and historian of science (1794–1866)

English bishop and philosopher

Hungarian-British polymath (1891–1976)

American philosopher, scholar in the field of science and technology studies

American philosopher (1901–1985)

Argentine-Canadian philosopher (1919-2020)

American religious minister and scientific writer (1663–1728)

Russian philosopher and life extensionist (1829-1903)

Finland Swedish philosopher, professor and member of the Academy of Finland (1916–2003)

Polish statistician (1894-1981)

Polish philosopher and logician (1890–1963)

Australian-born British philosopher (1859-1938)

Czech philosopher and photographer

German-born British philosopher

Austrian academic (*1884 – †1966)

Hungarian musician and philosopher

Austrian philosopher (1902–1988)

Polish physician (1896–1961)

Belgian philosopher of science and scientist (born 1949)

British-American philosopher

Japanese philosopher (1885–1962)

Spanish philosopher

Scottish soldier, statesman, diplomat, judge, spy and philosopher