Soviet inventions

Russian automatic rifle family

technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery

heavy machine and anti-materiel rifle cartridge

The RD-170 () is the world's most powerful and heaviest liquid-fuel rocket engine. It was designed and produced in the Soviet Union by NPO Energomash for use with the Energia launch vehicle. The engine burns kerosene fuel and LOX oxidizer in four combustion chambers, all supplied by one single-shaft, single-turbine turbopump rated at in a staged combustion cycle.

Eurodollars are U.S. dollars held in time deposit accounts in banks outside the United States. The term was originally applied to U.S. dollar accounts held in banks situated in Europe, but it expanded over the years to cover U.S. dollar accounts held anywhere outside the U.S. Thus, a U.S. dollar-denominated deposit in Dubai or Singapore would likewise be deemed a Eurodollar deposit (sometimes an Asiadollar). More generally, the euro- prefix can be used to indicate any currency held in a country where it is not the official currency, broadly termed "eurocurrency", for example, Euroyen or even E

thumb|High-power 140 GHz gyrotron for plasma heating in the Wendelstein 7-X fusion experiment, Germany. A gyrotron is a class of high-power linear-beam vacuum tubes that generates millimeter-wave electromagnetic waves by the cyclotron resonance of electrons in a strong magnetic field. Output frequencies range from about 20 to 527 GHz, covering wavelengths from microwave to the edge of the terahertz gap. Typical output powers range from tens of kilowatts to 1–2 megawatts. Gyrotrons can be designed for pulsed or continuous operation. The gyrotron was invented by Soviet scientists at NIRFI, based

highly elliptical and highly inclined semi-synchronous orbit

hypothesized cycle-like phenomena in the modern world economy

Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile

type of electric spacecraft propulsion system

thumb|upright|One of the conical secondary reflectors of the RATAN-600 on a 1987 USSR [[postal stamp ]]

catadioptric telescope design

anti-tank rifle ammunition used by the PTRS-41

pistol cartridge

method for producing 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the reaction of pyridine with sodium amide

welding metal at elevated pressure

rocket family

nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained by fast neutrons

ship type

thumb|Tupolev A-3 Aerosledge An Aerosledge (, "aerosani") is a propeller-driven sledge, sleigh or toboggan which slides on runners or skis. Aerosleds are used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery, and patrolling borders in countries such as northern Russia, as well as for recreation. Aerosani were used by the Soviet Red Army during the Winter War and World War II.

thumb|250px|Shot-up TT-26, a remotely controlled T-26 light tank with TOZ-IV telematics, of 217th independent tank battalion of 30th Tank Brigade. Two antenna leads on the turret roof and two-colour camouflage of the vehicle are visible. [[Karelian Isthmus, February 1940.]]

system designed to prevent line-of-sight guided anti-tank missiles/projectiles from acquiring and/or destroying a target

railway operated by children with adult supervision for educational purposes

nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine family

thumb|Pressure-temperature diagram for various forms of silicon dioxide, including stishovite (at top left)

Soviet nuclear delivery system

The 9×39mm is a Soviet rifle cartridge. The cartridge yields increased performance in shorter barrels and effective subsonic performance.

thumb|right|The advanced Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour on this Indian Army T-90S is arranged in pairs of plates with a triangular profile Kontakt-5 is a type of second-generation explosive reactive armour (ERA) originating in the Soviet Union. Due to the shortcomings of Kontakt-1, NII Stali developed a new type of reactive armor, Kontakt-5, so that it also affects the penetration characteristics of APFSDS projectiles, unlike Kontakt-1. In addition, Kontakt-5 is not just additional armor, but is clearly integrated into the vehicle hull. The Kontakt-5 modules have a significantly thicker s

Soviet communications satellite

industrial process

Thin-film deposition technique

The Aerowagon or Aeromotowagon () was an experimental high-speed railcar fitted with an aircraft engine and propeller traction invented by Valerian Abakovsky, a Soviet engineer from Latvia. It produced speeds of up to . The Aerowagon was originally intended for the express transportation of important documents and to carry Soviet officials on government business.

thumb|Particles in a classic microtron get emitted from a source (blue), accelerated once per turn (microwave cavity, gray), increasing their path radius until ejection. A microtron is a type of particle accelerator concept originating from the cyclotron in which the accelerating field is not applied through large D-shaped electrodes, but through a linear accelerator structure. The classic microtron was invented by Vladimir Veksler around 1944. The kinetic energy of the particles is increased by a constant amount per field change (one half or a whole revolution). Microtrons are designed to op

Shtora-1 (, "curtain") is an electro-optical active protection system or suite for tanks, designed to disrupt the laser designator and laser rangefinders of incoming anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). The system is mounted on the Russian T-80 and T-90 series tanks and the Ukrainian T-84. The existence of Shtora was revealed in 1980 by spy Adolf Tolkachev.

The polywell is a proposed design for a fusion reactor using an electric and magnetic field to heat ions to fusion conditions.

device used in fusion power to trap high temperature plasma using magnetic fields

underwater firearm

BESM (БЭСМ) is the series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950–60s. The name is an acronym for "Bolshaya (or Bystrodeystvuyushchaya) Elektronno-schotnaya Mashina" ("Большая электронно-счётная машина" or "Быстродействующая электронно-счётная машина"), meaning "Big Electronic Computing Machine" or "High-Speed Electronic Computing Machine". It was designed at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering

external fixator

formula for lattice energy of a crystal

Nuclear reactor

particle detector for Cherenkov radiation

The RD-0120 (, GRAU index: 11D122) was the Energia core rocket engine, fueled by LH/LOX, roughly equivalent to the RS-25 (Space Shuttle Main Engine, SSME). These were attached to the Energia core rather than the orbiter, so were not recoverable after a flight, but created a more modular design (the Energia core could be used for a variety of missions besides launching the shuttle). The RD-0120 and the RS-25 have both similarities and differences. The RD-0120 achieved a slightly higher specific impulse and combustion chamber pressure with reduced complexity and cost (but it was single-use), as

type of protective suit

Setun () was a computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University. It was built under the leadership of Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov. It was the first modern ternary computer, using the balanced ternary numeral system and three-valued ternary logic instead of the two-valued binary logic prevalent in other computers.

upper stage used on Soviet and later Russian expendable launch systems

alternative physical therapy

rock climbing protection device

Syntin is a hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C10H16 used as a rocket fuel. It is a mixture of four stereoisomers (see below). It has a density of 0.851 g/mL, and a boiling point of 158 °C. Due to the presence of three strained cyclopropane rings, the molecule has a highly positive enthalpy of formation: ΔfH°(l)= 133 kJ/mol (980 kJ/kg, the average value for the isomeric mixture), bringing additional energy into the combustion process. It has advantages over the traditional hydrocarbon fuels, such as RP-1, due to higher density, lower viscosity and higher specific heat of oxidation.

method of rocket engine operation

theorem about the periodic points of discrete dynamical systems on an interval

automatic coupler for railway use

commercial airliner able to fly faster than the speed of sound

process thorough which thermodynamic energy is converted to mechanical power

spacecraft docking mechanism

300px|right|thumb|ER200 in maintenance facilities

Russian class of nuclear-powered icebreakers

Trimeperidine (trade name Promedol) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. It was developed in the early 1950s in the USSR during research into the related drug pethidine.

data structure that can efficiently update elements and calculate prefix sums in a table of numbers

Russian supercomputer