9th millennium BC
millennium between 9000 BC and 8001 BC
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The 9th millennium BC refers to the thousand-year period between 9000 BC and 8001 BC, a time when humans were transitioning from hunting and gathering to early farming and settling in permanent communities. This era matters because it marks the beginning of the Neolithic period, when fundamental changes in how people lived—including agriculture, domesticated animals, and the first villages—began reshaping human civilization.
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Göbekli Tepe, Şanlıurfa, 2011 Europe and surrounding areas in the 9th millennium BC. Blue areas are covered in ice. Upper Palaeolithic cultures. Mesolithic cultures. Swiderian cultures. Pontic Tardenoisian cultures. Iberian Capsian cultures. Oranian cultures. Lower Capsian cultures. The Fertile Crescent.
The 9th millennium BC spanned the years 9000 BC to 8001 BC (11 to 10 thousand years ago). In chronological terms, it is the first full millennium of the current Holocene epoch that is generally reckoned to have begun by 9700 BC (11.7 thousand years ago). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis, or by radiometric dating.