Amphicynodontidae is a probable clade of extinct arctoids. While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of bears, a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with pinnipeds, as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals. In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular analyses support bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds. According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem-pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea. Fossils of these mammals have been fou
Amphicynodontidae is a probable clade of extinct arctoids. While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of bears, a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with pinnipeds, as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals. In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular analyses support bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds. According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem-pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea. Fossils of these mammals have been found in Europe, North America and Asia. Amphicynodontines should not be confused with Amphicyonids (bear-dogs), a separate family of Carnivora which is a sister clade to arctoids within the caniforms, but which may be listed as a clade of extinct arctoids in older publications.
==Systematics== Family †Amphicynodontidae Simpson, 1945 †Allocyon Merriam, 1930 †Allocyon loganensis Merriam, 1930 †Amphicynodon Filhol, 1881 †Amphicynodon brachyrostris (Filhol, 1876) †Amphicynodon cephalogalinus Teilhard, 1915 †Amphicynodon chardini Cirot and De Bonis, 1992 †Amphicynodon crassirostris (Filhol, 1876) †Amphicynodon gracilis (Filhol, 1874) †Amphicynodon leptorhynchus (Filhol, 1874) †Amphicynodon mongoliensis Janovskaja, 1970 †Amphicynodon teilhardi Matthew and Granger, 1924 †Amphicynodon typicus Schlosser, 1888 †Amphicynodon velaunus (Aymard, 1846) †Amphicticeps Matthew and Granger, 1924 †Amphicticeps dorog Wang et al., 2005 †Amphicticeps makhchinus Wang et al., 2005 †Amphicticeps shackelfordi Matthew and Granger, 1924 †Drassonax Galbreath, 1953 †Drassonax harpagops Galbreath, 1953 †Kolponomos Stirton, 1960 †Kolponomos clallamensis Stirton, 1960 †Kolponomos newportensis Tedford et al., 1994 †Pachycynodon Schlosser, 1888 †Pachycynodon boriei (Filhol, 1876) †Pachycynodon crassirostris Schlosser, 1888 †Pachycynodon filholi Schlosser, 1888 †Pachycynodon tenuis Teilhard de Chardin, 1915 †Wangictis de Bonis et al., 2019 †Wangictis tedfordi (Wang & Qiu, 2003)
Discovered by embedding cosine similarity (sentence-transformers MiniLM, 384-dim).