apartheid
Sign in to saveApartheid ( , especially South African English: , ; , ) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. It was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap ( 'boss-ship' or 'boss-hood'), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population. Under this minoritarian system, white citizens held the highest status, followed by Indians, Coloureds and black Africans, in that order. The economic le
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Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation in South Africa and Namibia from 1948 to the early 1990s that gave the white minority political, social, and economic dominance over the country's other racial groups. It matters because it represents a major historical example of state-enforced racial hierarchy that shaped millions of lives and continues to influence discussions about systemic inequality and human rights.
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Article
52 sectionsContents
- Precursors
- Institution and development
- 1948 election
- Legislation
- Disenfranchisement of Coloured voters
- Division among whites
- Homeland system
- International recognition of the Bantustans
- Forced removals {{Anchor|Forced removal}}
- Society during apartheid
- Coloured classification
- Education
- Women under apartheid
- Sport under apartheid
- Asians during apartheid
- Conservatism and social policies
- Internal resistance
- International relations during apartheid
- Commonwealth
- Organisation for African Unity
- Outward-looking policy
- Sports and culture
- Beginning
- Isolation
- Verwoerd years
- Vorster years
- Cultural boycott
- Western influence
- Effect of the Cold War
- "Total Onslaught"
- Militarization of society
- Foreign military operations
- State security
- State of emergency
- Final years of apartheid
- Causes
- Tricameral parliament
- Reforms and contact with the ANC under Botha
- Presidency of F. W. de Klerk
- Negotiations
- 1994 election
- Legacy
- Inequality
- Contrition
- Other applications of the term
- See also
- Notes and references
- Annotations
- References
- Bibliography
- Further reading
- External links
Apartheid ( , especially South African English: , ; , ) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. It was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap ( 'boss-ship' or 'boss-hood'), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population. Under this minoritarian system, white citizens held the highest status, followed by Indians, Coloureds and black Africans, in that order. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day, particularly inequality.
Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into petty apartheid, which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and grand apartheid, which strictly segregated housing and employment opportunities by race. The first apartheid law was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949, followed closely by the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, which made it illegal for most South African citizens to marry or pursue sexual relationships across racial lines. The Population Registration Act, 1950 classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on appearance, known ancestry, socioeconomic status, and cultural lifestyle: "Black", "White", "Coloured", and "Indian", the last two of which included several sub-classifications. Places of residence were determined by racial classification. Between 1960 and 1983, 3.5 million black Africans were removed from their homes and forced into segregated neighbourhoods as a result of apartheid legislation, in some of the largest mass evictions in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the black population to ten designated "tribal homelands", also known as bantustans, four of which became nominally independent states. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans.