hardness
Sign in to saveIn materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to plastic deformation, such as an indentation (over an area) or a scratch (linear), induced mechanically either by pressing or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and beryllium are harder than soft metals such as sodium and metallic tin, or wood and common plastics. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, hardness can be measured i
AI overview
Hardness is a measure of how well a material resists being dented, scratched, or permanently shaped when force is applied to it. Different materials have different levels of hardness—for example, metals like titanium are much harder than softer metals like sodium, wood, or plastic—and a material's hardness generally depends on the strength of the bonds between its molecules.
AI-generated from the Wikipedia summary — may contain errors.
Article
12 sectionsContents
- Measures
- Scratch hardness{{Anchor|Scratch hardness}}
- Indentation hardness
- Rebound hardness {{anchor|Rebound}}
- Hardening
- In solid mechanics
- Mechanisms and theory
- Relation between hardness number and stress-strain curve
- See also
- References
- Further reading
- External links
In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to plastic deformation, such as an indentation (over an area) or a scratch (linear), induced mechanically either by pressing or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and beryllium are harder than soft metals such as sodium and metallic tin, or wood and common plastics. Macroscopic hardness is generally characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, but the behavior of solid materials under force is complex; therefore, hardness can be measured in different ways, such as scratch hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness. Hardness is dependent on ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength, toughness, viscoelasticity, and viscosity. Common examples of hard matter are ceramics, concrete, certain metals, and superhard materials, which can be contrasted with soft matter.
==Measures== thumb|A Vickers hardness tester