
Julius Caesar was a Roman general and politician who ruled as dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC, famous for conquering Gaul and winning a civil war against his rival Pompey. He is considered one of history's most influential figures because his consolidation of power and declaration of himself as dictator for life set in motion the events that transformed the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
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Article · 日本語
ガイウス・ユリウス・カエサル(ラテン語: Gaius Iulius Caesar、Juliusとも、紀元前100年 - 紀元前44年3月15日)は、共和政ローマ末期の政務官であり、文筆家。「賽は投げられた」(alea jacta est)、「来た、見た、勝った」(veni, vidi, vici) 、「ブルータス、お前もか」(et tu, Brute?) などの特徴的な引用句でも知られる。また彼が布告し彼の名が冠された暦(ユリウス暦)は、紀元前45年から1582年まで1600年間以上に渡り欧州のほぼ全域で使用され続けた。 古代ローマで最大の野心家と言われ、マルクス・リキニウス・クラッスス及びグナエウス・ポンペイウスとの第一回三頭政治と内戦を経て、(ディクタトル・ペルペトゥオ)となった。「カエサル」の名は、帝政初期にローマ皇帝が帯びる称号の一つ、帝政後期には副帝の称号となった(テトラルキア参照)。ドイツ語のKaiser(カイザー)やロシア語のцарь(ツァーリ)など、皇帝を表す言葉の語源でもある。 従来カエサルはポプラレス(民衆派)とされてきたが、当時の政治状況を簡単に二分することはできないため、「カエサル派」とすべきだとする意見がある。
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