Also known as Bryophyta, Musci, mosses, true mosses
Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) sensu stricto. Bryophyta (sensu lato, Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. Mosses typically form dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have conducting tissues, these are gen
Mosses are small, leafy plants without flowers or true roots that typically grow in dense green mats in damp or shady places. They matter because they represent an ancient form of plant life and play ecological roles in their environments, though their exact significance varies by species and habitat.
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House Sparrow
Phylum (Division)
苔蘚植物門是一種一般在1到10公分高左右的微小且柔軟的植物,但也有些物種會比較高大。只要有潮濕的環境與陽光照射就能輕易生長,沒有花朵或種子,有附蓋住細韌莖部的葉子。在一些時間裡,苔蘚會產生孢子囊,長在莖部的上端,如鳥喙一般。 苔蘚植物門約有1萬個物種。之前,地錢和角苔也被歸類於苔蘚植物門之中,但現在這兩個類群則被放在屬於它們自己的門裡面。 目录 1 物理的特徵 1.1 描述 1.2 生命週期 2 分類 3 地質史 4 棲地 5 栽種 5.1 抑制苔蘚生長 5.2 苔蘚地 6 商業應用 7 另見 8 參考文獻 9 外部連結 物理的特徵 描述 在植物學上,苔蘚植物門是一種苔蘚植物,即為一種非維管植物。苔蘚植物門和近似的地錢門可以由其多細胞假根來加以區分。其他的差別在所有的苔蘚和地錢之間則不具一般性。但是,有清楚分化的「莖」與「葉」、沒有深裂或分節的葉片以及缺少排成三層的二葉子,這些都再再指示此類植物為一個苔蘚。 除了缺乏維管束之外,苔蘚植物門有著以配子體為主的生命週期,即其細胞在其大部份的生命週期內都是單倍體的。孢子體的生命很短,且生長在配子體上。這點和大多數的「高等」植物與動物不同。例如,在維管植物裡,單倍體的階段是以花粉和子房的形式來呈現的,雙倍體的階段則為常見的開花植物。 生命週期 大多數植物會有雙套的染色體在其細胞內(雙倍體,即每個染色體均存在包含著相同基因訊息的另一個染色體),但苔蘚植物門(和其他的苔蘚植物)只有一套染色體(單倍體,即每一個染色體在細胞內都是唯一的一份)。苔蘚植物門的生命週期中會有一段時期擁有完整、成雙的染色體,但只存在於孢子體階段。 典型的苔蘚植物門(土馬鬃)的生命週期 苔蘚植物門的生命始於一個單倍體的孢子,由此長成一個絲狀或葉狀的原絲體。原絲體是苔蘚植物門的一個過渡階段,之後會再長成配子托,並分化成莖和葉。莖或枝條的頂端會發展出苔蘚植物門的性器官。雌性器官稱之為頸卵器,被稱之為雌器苞的特化葉片所覆蓋著。頸卵器會有頸口好讓雄精子游入。雄性器官稱之為精子器,被稱之為雄器苞的特化葉片所包圍的。 苔蘚植物門可以是雌雄異株或雌雄同株的。在雌雄異株中,雄性和雌性性器官長在不同的配子體植物上;而在雌雄同株中,雄性和雌性性器官會長在同一株植物上。在有水存在之下,精子器內的精子會游至頸卵器使受精發生,而產生雙倍體的孢子體。苔蘚植物門的精子有兩個鞭毛來幫助游動。在沒有水的環境之下,受精便不會發生。受精之後,不成熟的孢子體會移至頸卵器的腹腔,之後花一季至半年的時間來成為成熟的孢子體。孢子體是由稱之為棘毛的長柄和被果蓋覆蓋的莢膜所組成。莢膜和果蓋會依次被單倍體的蘚帽所包覆,這裡的蘚帽是頸卵器腹腔的一部份。蘚帽通常會在莢膜成熟後脫落。在莢膜內,產生孢子的細胞進行著減數分裂以產生单倍體的孢子,並反覆循環。莢膜的口部通常會有齒毛圍繞,但在部份的苔蘚中則沒有。 在
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Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) sensu stricto. Bryophyta (sensu lato, Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. Mosses typically form dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have conducting tissues, these are generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in vascular plants. Mosses do not have seeds and after fertilisation develop sporophytes with unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing spores. They are typically tall, though some species are much larger. Dawsonia superba, the tallest moss in the world, can grow to in height. There are approximately 12,000 species.
Mosses are commonly confused with liverworts, hornworts and lichens. Although often described as non-vascular plants, many mosses have advanced vascular systems. Like liverworts and hornworts, the haploid gametophyte generation of mosses is the dominant phase of the life cycle. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (seed plants and pteridophytes), where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant. Lichens may superficially resemble mosses, and sometimes have common names that include the word "moss" (e.g., "reindeer moss" or "Iceland moss"), but they are fungal symbioses and not related to mosses.
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