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Neanderthals were an extinct group of early humans who lived in Europe and parts of Asia during the Middle to Late Pleistocene period until roughly 40,000 years ago, when they disappeared around the time modern humans arrived in their territories. They matter because studying them helps us understand human evolution and what happened when our species encountered and potentially interacted with other human groups, though some Neanderthal populations in Gibraltar may have survived several thousand years longer than others.

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