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succinic acid
Sign in to saveAlso known as amber acid, 1,2-ethanedicarboxylic acid, spirit of amber, E363, butanedioic acid, 1,4-butanedioic acid, dihydrofumaric acid, wormwood acid
dicarboxylic acid
OverviewAI-generated
Succinic acid is a chemical compound with the formula C₄H₆O₄. Its IUPAC name is butanedioate;hydron. The substance has a melting point of 188 and a mass of 118.027. PubChem data lists its weight as 118.09 and identifies it as having a charge of 0.
The molecule contains two hydrogen bond donors and four hydrogen bond acceptors, with a topological polar surface area of 80.3. Its canonical SMILES notation is C(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O. In scientific literature, succinic acid is the subject of 10,281 PubMed entries. The compound is also referenced by 396 other encyclopedia articles.
Synthesized by Vinony from 17 facts across 4 sources: Wikidata, PubChem, PubMed, Vinony graph. Generated from structured data (not the Wikipedia text) and checked against those facts — may still contain errors.
Chemical data
- Formula
- C4H6O4
- Molecular weight
- 118.09 g/mol
- IUPAC name
- butanedioate;hydron
- SMILES
- [H+].[H+].C(CC(=O)[O-])C(=O)[O-]
- InChIKey
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- Polar surface area
- 80.3 Ų
- H-bond donors
- 2
- H-bond acceptors
- 4
- Formal charge
- 0
via PubChem
Drug data · ChEMBL
- Max clinical phase
- Phase 3
- Molecule type
- Small molecule
- Indications
- diabetic neuropathy, stroke
via ChEMBL · EBI
Research
10,281 papers- Role of succinic acid in the regulation of sepsis.ReviewInternational immunopharmacology · 2022Liu H, Zhang H, Zhang X et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109065
- Bioreactors for succinic acid production processes.ReviewCritical reviews in biotechnology · 2019Ferone M, Raganati F, Olivieri G et al.DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1592105
- Advancing Succinic Acid Biomanufacturing Using the Nonconventional Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.ReviewJournal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2025Sun T, Sun ML, Lin L et al.DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c09990
- Recent progress on bio-succinic acid production from lignocellulosic biomass.ReviewWorld journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2021Lu J, Li J, Gao H et al.DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02979-z
- [Advances in synthesis of succinic acid using yeast cell factories].ReviewSheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology · 2024Zhong Y, Shang C, Wang Y et al.DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.240349
- Progress of succinic acid production from renewable resources: Metabolic and fermentative strategies.ReviewBioresource technology · 2017Jiang M, Ma J, Wu M et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.209
- Succinic acid production from softwood with genome-edited Corynebacterium glutamicum using the CRISPR-Cpf1 system.Biotechnology journal · 2024Lee DS, Cho EJ, Nguyen DT et al.DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300309
- Perspectives for Advancing Biotechnological Succinic Acid Production.ReviewMicrobial biotechnology · 2026Gunkel C, Blombach BDOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.70363
via PubMed
Wikidata facts
- Subclass of
- fatty acid
- Has part
- hydrogen
- Mass
- 118.027
- Has use
- medication
Show 6 more facts
- Commons category
- Succinic acid
- found in taxon
- Stemona tuberosa
- melting point
- 188
- chemical formula
- C₄H₆O₄
- canonical SMILES
- C(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O
- described by source
- New International Encyclopedia
via Wikidata · CC0
~22 min read
Encyclopedic overview
Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.
Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling. As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function.
Excerpted from Wikipedia’s “succinic acid” article, available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.