uncertainty principle
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The uncertainty principle states that you cannot simultaneously know both the exact position and exact momentum (speed and direction) of a tiny particle like an electron with perfect precision—the more accurately you measure one, the less accurately you can know the other. This matters because it reveals a fundamental limit to what we can ever know about the quantum world, showing that uncertainty isn't just a limitation of our current measuring tools, but is built into the nature of reality itself at the smallest scales.
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Canonical commutation rule for position q and momentum p variables of a particle, 1927. pq − qp = h/(2πi). Uncertainty principle of Heisenberg, 1927. German physicist Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976), who introduced Uncertainty Principle in 1927 The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other property can be known.
More formally, the uncertainty principle is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the product of the accuracy of certain related pairs of measurements on a quantum system, such as position, x, and momentum, p. Such paired-variables are known as complementary variables or canonically conjugate variables.