Cell biology

theory

form of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

thumb|Effect of different solutions on Red blood cell|red blood cells thumb|Micrographs of osmotic pressure on red blood cells

300px|thumb | Phagocytosis of a bacterium, showing the formation of phagosome and phagolysosome

thumb|328px|Immunofluorescence staining pattern of vimentin antibodies. Produced by incubating vimentin primary antibodies and FITC labelled secondary antibodies with HEp-20-10 cells.

device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures

biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type

therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient

thumb|upright=1.2|Self-assembly of lipids (a), [[proteins (b), and (c) SDS-cyclodextrin complexes. SDS is a surfactant with a hydrocarbon tail (yellow) and a SO4 head (blue and red), while cyclodextrin is a saccharide ring (green C and red O atoms).]] thumb|upright=1.2|Transmission electron microscopy image of an iron oxide [[nanoparticle. Regularly arranged dots within the dashed border are columns of Fe atoms. Left inset is the corresponding electron diffraction pattern. Scale bar: 10 nm.]] upright=1.2|thumb|Iron oxide nanoparticles can be dispersed in an organic solvent (toluene). Upon its

thumb|A pair of micrographs of a cytopathology specimen showing a 3-dimensional cluster of cancerous cells ([[serous carcinoma)]] thumb|An adenocarcinoma with typical features as can be seen on cytopathology

Chondroblasts, or perichondrial cells, is the name given to mesenchymal progenitor cells in situ which, from endochondral ossification, will form chondrocytes in the growing cartilage matrix. Another name for them is subchondral cortico-spongious progenitors. They have euchromatic nuclei and stain by basic dyes.

ability of cell differentiation

thumb|Different plastids Proteinoplasts (sometimes called proteoplasts, aleuroplasts, and aleuronaplasts) are specialized organelles found only in plant cells. Proteinoplasts belong to a broad category of organelles known as plastids. Plastids are specialized double-membrane organelles found in plant cells. Plastids perform a variety of functions such as metabolism of energy, and biological reactions. There are multiple types of plastids recognized including Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts, and Chloroplasts. Plastids are broken up into different categories based on characteristics such as size, func

networks of extracellular fibers released by neutrophils

alt=|thumb|481x481px|Structure of xylan in hardwood. thumb|481x481px|Plant cell wall is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and glycoproteins. Hemicelluloses (a heterogeneous group of polysaccharides) cross-link glycans interlocking the cellulose fibers and form a mesh like structure to deposit other polysaccharides.

Basophilia is the condition of having greater than 200 basophils/μL in the venous blood. Basophils are the least numerous of the myelogenous cells, and it is rare for their numbers to be abnormally high without changes to other blood components. Rather, basophilia is most often coupled with other white blood cell conditions such as eosinophilia, high levels of eosinophils in the blood. Basophils are easily identifiable by a blue coloration of the granules within each cell, marking them as granulocytes, in addition to segmented nuclei.

Dolichol refers to any of a group of long-chain mostly unsaturated organic compounds that are made up of varying numbers of isoprene units terminating in an α-saturated isoprenoid group, containing an alcohol functional group.

thumb | right | alt=Representative photographs of an open biopsy specimen (400x): a. Necrosis, usually with blurred cell shadow, was mixed with karyorrhexis and histiocytes. b. Numerous histiocytes engulfed karyorrhectic debris. c. Foamy histiocytes were identified. d. Immunohistochemical stain for CD123 highlighted plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Hematoxylin counterstain revealed abundant karyorrhexis around the plasmacytoid dendritic cells. | Representative photographs of an open biopsy specimen (400x): a. Necrosis, usually with blurred cell shadow, was mixed with karyorrhexis and histiocytes.

cloned female crab-eating macaques

cell type

bioethical controversy

thumb|Karyogamy in the context of cell fusion. 1-haploid cells, 2-cell fusion, 3-single cell with two pronuclei, 4-fusing pronuclei (karyogamy), 5-diploid cell Karyogamy is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei. Before karyogamy, each haploid cell has one complete copy of the organism's genome. In order for karyogamy to occur, the cell membrane and cytoplasm of each cell must fuse with the other in a process known as plasmogamy. Once within the joined cell membrane, the nuclei are referred to as pr

thumb|The human cerebral cortex divided into Brodmann areas on the basis of cytoarchitecture.|page=145 Cytoarchitecture (from Greek κύτος 'cell' and ἀρχιτεκτονική 'architecture'), also known as cytoarchitectonics, is the study of the cellular composition of the central nervous system's tissues under the microscope. Cytoarchitectonics is one of the ways to parse the brain, by obtaining sections of the brain using a microtome and staining them with chemical agents which reveal where different neurons are located.

In vertebrates, a neuroblast or primitive nerve cell is a postmitotic cell that does not divide further, and which will develop into a neuron after a migration phase. In invertebrates such as Drosophila, neuroblasts are neural progenitor cells which divide asymmetrically to produce a neuroblast, and a daughter cell of varying potency depending on the type of neuroblast. Vertebrate neuroblasts differentiate from radial glial cells and are committed to becoming neurons. Neural stem cells, which only divide symmetrically to produce more neural stem cells, transition gradually into radial glial ce

thumb|230px|right|Blood cells in solutions with different osmotic pressure. Cytolysis would result in the image on the far right. thumb|250px|Micrographs of osmotic pressure on red blood cells thumb|A human white blood cell (upper right) in water swells until it bursts (at ~14 seconds) Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell. Water can enter the cell by diffusion through the cell membrane or through selective membrane channels called aquaporins, which greatly facilitate the flow of water. It occurs

protein-fragment complementation assay to find protein–protein/DNA interactions, in which the transcription factor is split into two fragments

cell type

cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, producing a single cell

phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division

thumb|250px|Adenosine diphosphate ribose|ADP-ribose ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis. Improper ADP-ribosylation has been implicated in some forms of cancer. It is also the basis for the toxicity of bacterial compounds such as cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and others.

A microbody (or cytosome) is a type of organelle that is found in the cells of plants, protozoa, and animals. Organelles in the microbody family include peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, glycosomes and hydrogenosomes. In vertebrates, microbodies are especially prevalent in the liver and kidney. Many membrane bound vesicles called microbodies that contain various enzymes, are present in both plant and animal cells.

thumb|300px|Four parallel microscopic views of a growing Neurospora crassa hypha, with the Spitzenkörper clearly visible at the tip (e.g. in red at the bottom lane)

fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell

Measurable indicator

sequencing of amino acid arrangement in a polypetide chain or protein

In biochemistry, dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate () group from an organic compound by hydrolysis. It is a reversible post-translational modification. Dephosphorylation and its counterpart, phosphorylation, activate and deactivate enzymes by detaching or attaching phosphoric esters and anhydrides. A notable occurrence of dephosphorylation is the conversion of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate.

part of a plant

cell type

Eutelic organisms have a fixed number of somatic cells when they reach maturity, the exact number being relatively constant for any one species. This phenomenon is also referred to as cell constancy. Development proceeds by cell division until maturity; further growth occurs via cell enlargement only. This growth is known as auxetic growth. It is shown by members of the now obsolete phylum Aschelminthes. In some cases, individual organs show eutelic properties while the organism itself does not.A mature gastrotrich, with visible cells on the surface. Further growth will now occur solely by cel

In the field of cell biology, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), is a protein functioning as a ligand that induces the process of cell death called apoptosis.

right|thumb|Photobleaching: The movie shows photobleaching of a fluorosphere. The movie is accelerated, the whole process happened during 4 minutes. In optics, photobleaching (sometimes termed fading) is the photochemical alteration of a dye or a fluorophore molecule such that it is permanently unable to fluoresce. This is caused by cleaving of covalent bonds or non-specific reactions between the fluorophore and surrounding molecules. Such irreversible modifications in covalent bonds are caused by transition from a singlet state to the triplet state of the fluorophores. The number of excitatio

engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell

Separase, also known as separin, is a cysteine protease responsible for triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin, which is the protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during the early stage of anaphase. In humans, separin is encoded by the ESPL1 gene.

type of amino acid sequence

growth form of bacteria that lacks cell walls

thumb|The autophagic process is divided into five distinct stages: Initiation, phagophore nucleation, autophagosomal formation (elongation), autophagosome-lysosome fusion (autophagolysosome) and cargo degradation. An autophagosome is a spherical structure with double layer membranes. It is the key structure in macroautophagy, the intracellular degradation system for cytoplasmic contents (e.g., abnormal intracellular proteins, excess or damaged organelles, invading microorganisms). After formation, autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic components to the lysosomes. The outer membrane of an autophag

synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules such as sugars or amino acids, as opposed to recycling after partial degradation

study of cell activity

relation between the surface area and the volume of an object

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate by the mevalonate-independent pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis and is biosynthesized from pyruvate and

Nocodazole is an antineoplastic agent which exerts its effect in cells by interfering with the polymerization of microtubules. Microtubules are one type of fibre which constitutes the cytoskeleton, and the dynamic microtubule network has several important roles in the cell, including vesicular transport, forming the mitotic spindle and in cytokinesis. Several drugs including vincristine and colcemid are similar to nocodazole in that they interfere with microtubule polymerization.

thumbnail|Intercalary located akinete of Dolichospermum smithii thumbnail|Terminally located akinete of Gloeotrichia thumb|right|Akinetes, also termed "cysts", of Haematococcus An akinete is an enveloped, thick-walled, non-motile, dormant cell formed by both cyanobacteria and algae. Cyanobacterial akinetes are mainly formed by filamentous, heterocyst-forming members under the order Nostocales and Stigonematales. Eukaryotic microalgae also produce akinetes, such as Haematococcus.

The glycosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle that contains the glycolytic enzymes. The term was first used by Scott and Still in 1968 after they realized that the glycogen in the cell was not static but rather a dynamic molecule. It is found in a few species of protozoa including the Kinetoplastida which include the suborders Trypanosomatida and Bodonina, most notably in the human pathogenic trypanosomes, which can cause sleeping sickness, Chagas's disease, and leishmaniasis. The organelle is bounded by a single membrane and contains a dense proteinaceous matrix. It is believed to have evolv

microbody in the hyphae of filamentous Ascomycota

Osmoprotectants or compatible solutes are small organic molecules with neutral charge and low toxicity at high concentrations that act as osmolytes and help organisms to survive in extreme osmotic stress. Osmoprotectants can be placed in three chemical classes: betaines and associated molecules, sugars and polyols, and amino acids. These molecules accumulate in cells and balance the osmotic difference between the cell's surroundings and the cytosol. In plants, their accumulation can increase survival during stresses such as drought. In extreme cases, such as in bdelloid rotifers, tardigrades,

180px|thumb|This electron micrograph shows exaggerated filopodia with club-like shape induced by formin mDia2 in cultured cells. These filopodia are filled with bundled microfilament|actin filaments which were born in and converged from the lamellipodial network.

life whose primary component is carbon

thumb|dark green: Protein transport protein Sec23A, Homo sapiens, Gene names: SEC23Abrown: Protein transport protein Sec24A, Homo sapiens, Gene names: [[SEC24Ablue: Vesicle-trafficking protein SEC22b, Mus musculus, Gene names: SEC22B, Sec22l1pink: C-terminal sorting motif ILE-ILE, Homo sapiens]]

group of chemical compounds