Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition and interaction with biological systems; specifically through pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. The discipline examines these interactions through pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug) and pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body), both of which determine how a substance alters normal or abnormal biochemical function. Substances with medicinal properties are classified as pharmaceuticals, while the term drug encompasses any chemical agent that

thumb|Mammals excrete urine through the urinary system. Excretion is elimination of metabolic waste, which is an essential process in all organisms. In vertebrates, this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin. This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell. For example, placental mammals expel urine from the bladder through the urethra, which is part of the excretory system. Unicellular organisms discharge waste products directly through the surface of the cell. Another example would be how mammals release solid waste (f

400px|thumb|right|A graph depicting a typical time course of drug plasma concentration over 96 hours, with oral administrations every 24 hours. The main pharmacokinetic metrics are annotated. Steady state is reached after about 5 × 12 = 60 hours. Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon 'drug' and kinetikos 'moving, putting in motion'; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotics such as pharmaceutical drug

Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage.

geometric property of some molecules and ions

develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceuticals licensed for use as medications

Cisplatin is a chemical compound with formula cis-. It is a coordination complex of platinum that is used as a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of cancers. These include testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, mesothelioma, brain tumors and neuroblastoma. It is given by injection into a vein.

official generic and nonproprietary name given to a pharmaceutical drug or active ingredient

biologically active component of a product formulation

Pharmacogenomics, often abbreviated "PGx", is the study of the role of the genome in drug response. Its name (pharmaco- + genomics) reflects its combining of pharmacology and genomics. Pharmacogenomics analyzes how the genetic makeup of a patient affects their response to drugs. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response, by correlating DNA mutations (including point mutations, copy number variations, and structural variations) with pharmacokinetic (drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination), pharmacodynamic (effects mediated throu

A bioassay is an analytical method to determine the potency or effect of a substance by its effect on living animals or plants (in vivo), or on living cells or tissues (in vitro). A bioassay can be either quantal or quantitative, direct or indirect. If the measured response is binary, the assay is quantal; if not, it is quantitative.

biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its pharmacological effect

thumb|Two enantiomers of a generic amino acid that is chiral

vaccine consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response

part of an organism targeted by a ligand or drug to affect behavior

Cinacalcet, sold under the brand name Sensipar among others, is a medication used to treat primary hyperparathyroidism, tertiary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid carcinoma. Cinacalcet acts as a calcimimetic (i.e., it mimics the action of calcium on tissues) by allosteric activation of the calcium-sensing receptor that is expressed in various human organ tissues.

Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the uses and effects of drugs in well-defined populations.

class of compounds

Antineoplastic agents, also known as anticancer drugs or antineoplastic drugs, are medications used to treat malignant tumors. These drugs work through various mechanisms to kill or inhibit cancer cells to achieve the goal of treating malignant tumors. Based on their pharmacological actions, antineoplastic drugs can be divided into cytotoxic drugs and non-cytotoxic drugs, with the former primarily consisting of DNA-toxic drugs and the latter mainly comprising molecularly targeted antineoplastic drugs. Commonly used antineoplastic drugs include cisplatin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and imatinib.

movement of a drug into the bloodstream or lymph

use of several medications together to treat a single disease

Diagram showing the proportion of a receptor bound to a ligand

Homochirality is a uniformity of chirality, or handedness. Objects are chiral when they cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, the left and right hands of a human are approximately mirror images of each other but are not their own mirror images, so they are chiral. In chemistry, chirality is a geometric property of some compounds and ions. These compounds exist in two different chiral conformations, enantiomers, often described as the left-handed and right-handed isomers of a compound (denoted by L- (levorotatory to the left) and D- (dextrorotatory to the right), respectivel

pharmacology database

the science of drugs and their clinical use

small molecule

Metreleptin, sold under the brand name Myalept among others, is a synthetic analog of the hormone leptin used to treat various forms of dyslipidemia. It has been approved in Japan for metabolic disorders including lipodystrophy and in the United States as replacement therapy to treat the complications of leptin deficiency, in addition to diet, in patients with congenital generalized or acquired generalized lipodystrophy.

measure of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity

chemical compound

Official name given to pharmaceutical substances

drug discovery by phenotypic screening

Receptor models to explain drug behavior

sociopharmacological interaction

drug delivery system

Polypharmacology is the design or use of pharmaceutical agents that act on multiple targets or disease pathways.

pharmacy in Genoa, Italy

Ro05-4082 (N-methylclonazepam, ID-690) is a benzodiazepine derivative developed in the 1970s. It has sedative and hypnotic properties, and has around the same potency as clonazepam itself. It was never introduced into clinical use. It is a structural isomer of meclonazepam (3-methylclonazepam), and similarly has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Sweden in 2017.