Polyenes

Bilirubin (BR) (adopted from German, originally bili, for bile, plus ruber, Latin for red) is a red-orange compound that occurs as the reduction product of biliverdin, a breakdown product of heme. It is further broken down in the colon to urobilinogen, most of which becomes stercobilin, causing the brown color of feces. Some unconverted urobilinogen, metabolised to urobilin, provides the straw-yellow color in urine.

chemical compound

Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3, colecalciferol or calciol, is a skin-made vitamin D that is found in certain foods and used as a dietary supplement. It was first described in 1936, and is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2023, it was the 68th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9million prescriptions, and is available as a generic medication.

Squalene is an organic compound. It is a triterpene with the formula C30H50. It is a colourless oil, although impure samples appear yellow. It was originally obtained from shark liver oil (hence its name, as Squalus is a genus of sharks). An estimated 12% of bodily squalene in humans is found in sebum. Squalene has a role in topical skin lubrication and protection.

Ergocalciferol, also known as vitamin D2 and nonspecifically calciferol, is a type of vitamin D found in food. It is used as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency due to poor absorption by the intestines or liver disease. It may also be used for low blood calcium due to hypoparathyroidism. It is taken by mouth or via injection into a muscle.

Nystatin, sold under the brand name Mycostatin among others, is an antifungal medication. It is used to treat Candida infections of the skin including diaper rash, thrush, esophageal candidiasis, and vaginal yeast infections. It may also be used to prevent candidiasis in those who are at high risk. Nystatin may be used by mouth, in the vagina, or applied to the skin.

chemical compound

chemical compound

Isotretinoin, also known as '13-cis-retinoic acid and sold under the brand name Accutane' among others, is a medication used to treat skin diseases like harlequin-type ichthyosis, lamellar ichthyosis, and severe cystic acne or moderate acne that is unresponsive to antibiotics. Isotretinoin is used off-label to treat basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, although clinical evidence suggests it is not effective in this setting. It is a retinoid, meaning it is related to vitamin A, and is found in small quantities naturally in the body. Its isomer, tretinoin, is also an acne drug. In i

Piperine is an alkaloid extracted from the plant, Piper nigrum. Responsible for the pungency of black pepper, it is used in food flavorings as a spice, in fragrances, as an insecticide, and as an animal pest repellent.

Sirolimus, also known as rapamycin and sold under the brand name Rapamune among others, is a macrolide compound that is used to coat coronary stents, prevent organ transplant rejection, treat a rare lung disease called lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and treat perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa). It has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor that reduces the sensitivity of T cells and B cells to interleukin-2 (IL-2), inhibiting their activity.

Natamycin, also known as pimaricin, is an antifungal medication used to treat fungal infections around the eye. This includes infections of the eyelids, conjunctiva, and cornea. It is used as eyedrops. Natamycin is also used in the food industry as a preservative.

thumb|right|Leukotriene A4|LTA4 Note the four double bonds, three of them conjugated. This is a common property of A4, B4, C4, D4, and E4. right|thumb|Leukotriene B4|LTB4 thumb|right|Leukotriene C4|LTC4 is a cysteinyl leukotriene, as are D4 and E4. thumb|right|Leukotriene D4|LTD4 thumb|right|Leukotriene E4|LTE4

Everolimus, sold under the brand name Afinitor among others, is a medication used as an immunosuppressant to prevent rejection of organ transplants and as a targeted therapy in the treatment of renal cell cancer and other tumours.

Myrcene, or β-myrcene, is a monoterpene. A colorless oil, it occurs widely in essential oils. It is produced mainly semi-synthetically from Myrcia, from which it gets its name. It is an intermediate in the production of several fragrances. A less-common isomeric form, having one of the three alkene units in a different position, is α-myrcene.

In organic chemistry, polyenes are polyunsaturated organic compounds that contain multiple carbon–carbon double bonds (). Some sources consider dienes to be polyenes, whereas others require polyenes to contain three carbon–carbon double bonds (trienes) or more.

Polyacetylene (IUPAC name: polyethyne) usually refers to an organic polymer with the repeating unit . The name refers to its conceptual construction from polymerization of acetylene to give a chain with repeating olefin groups (a conjugated polyene). This compound is conceptually important, as the discovery of polyacetylene and its high conductivity upon doping helped to launch the field of organic conductive polymers. The high electrical conductivity discovered by Hideki Shirakawa, Alan Heeger, and Alan MacDiarmid for this polymer led to intense interest in the use of organic compounds in mic

group of vitamins and bacterial metabolites

chemical compound

Ocimenes are a group of isomeric hydrocarbons. The ocimenes are monoterpenes found within a variety of plants and fruits. α-Ocimene and the two β-ocimenes differ in the position of the isolated double bond: it is terminal in the alpha isomer. α-Ocimene is cis-3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene. β-Ocimene is trans-3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene. β-Ocimene exists in two stereoisomeric forms, cis and trans, with respect to the central double bond.

'(S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene ((S)-2,3-epoxysqualene') is an intermediate in the synthesis of the cell membrane sterol precursors lanosterol and cycloartenol, as well as saponins. It is formed when squalene is oxidized by the enzyme squalene monooxygenase. 2,3-Oxidosqualene is the substrate of various oxidosqualene cyclases, including lanosterol synthase, which produces lanosterol, a precursor to cholesterol.

Etretinate (trade name Tegison) is a medication developed by Hoffmann–La Roche that was approved by the FDA in 1986 to treat severe psoriasis. It is a second-generation retinoid. It was subsequently removed from the Canadian market in 1996 and the United States market in 1998 due to the high risk of birth defects. It remains on the market in Japan as Tigason.

The term farnesene refers to a set of six closely related chemical compounds which all are sesquiterpenes. α-Farnesene and β-farnesene are isomers, differing by the location of one double bond. α-Farnesene is 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene and β-farnesene is 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene. The alpha form can exist as four stereoisomers that differ about the geometry of two of its three internal double bonds (the stereoisomers of the third internal double bond are identical). The beta isomer exists as two stereoisomers about the geometry of its central double bond.

chemical compound

chemical compound

Temsirolimus, sold under the brand name Torisel, is an intravenous drug for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in May 2007, and was also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in November 2007. It is a derivative and prodrug of sirolimus.

chemical compound

chemical compound

Hydroxy-α-sanshool (), also known as simply sanshool is a molecule found in plants from the genus Zanthoxylum. It is believed to be responsible for the numbing and tingling sensation caused by eating food cooked with Sichuan peppercorns and Uzazi.

chemical compound

Filipin is a mixture of chemical compounds first isolated by chemists at the Upjohn company in 1955 from the mycelium and culture filtrates of a previously unknown actinomycete, Streptomyces filipinensis. It was discovered in a soil sample collected in the Philippine Islands, hence the name filipin. The isolate possessed potent antifungal activity. It was identified as a polyene macrolide based on its characteristic UV-Vis and IR spectra.

Mepartricin is a macrolide polyene compound that is useful for urethra, prostate, and bladder function. It has been studied for use in treating chronic pelvic pain syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Diphenylhexatriene is a fluorescent hydrocarbon used in the study of cell membranes. It is almost non-fluorescent in water, but it exhibits strong fluorescence when it is intercalated into lipid membranes. It incorporates itself into the lipid bilayer and acts like a lipid.

Celastrol (tripterine) is a bioactive chemical compound isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii (Thunder duke vine) and Tripterygium regelii (Regel's threewingnut). Celastrol is a pentacyclic and belongs to the family of quinone methides. It has been used for centuries as a traditional Chinese medicine. In recent years, celastrol has been widely studied for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.

Hachimycin, also known as trichomycin, is a polyene macrolide antibiotic, antiprotozoal, and antifungal derived from streptomyces. It was first described in 1950, and in most research cases have been used for gynecological infections.

chemical compound

Candicidin is an antifungal compound obtained from Streptomyces griseus. It is active against some fungi including Candida albicans. Candicidin is administered intravaginally in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Mezerein is a toxic diterpene ester found in the sap of Daphne mezereum and related plants. Plants of the genera Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae possess a wide variety of different phorbol esters, which share the capacity of mimicking diacylglycerol (DAG) and thus activating different isoforms of protein kinase C. Mezerein was first isolated in 1975. It has antileukemic properties in mice, but it is also defined as a weak promoter of skin cancers in the same species. All parts of the plants contain an acrid and irritant sap that contains mezerein, thought to be the principal poison. The sap is

chemical compound

Ridaforolimus (also known as AP23573 and MK-8669; formerly known as deforolimus) is an investigational targeted and small-molecule inhibitor of the protein mTOR, a protein that acts as a central regulator of protein synthesis, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cell survival, integrating signals from proteins, such as PI3K, AKT and PTEN known to be important to malignancy. Blocking mTOR creates a starvation-like effect in cancer cells by interfering with cell growth, division, metabolism, and angiogenesis.

Altrenogest, sold under the brand names Swinemate and Altren manufactured by Aurora Pharmaceutical and Regumate manufactured by Merck, is a progestin of the 19-nortestosterone group which is widely used in veterinary medicine to suppress or synchronize estrus in horses and pigs. It is available for veterinary use in both Europe (as Regumate) and the United States (as Matrix).

class of antifungal compounds

chemical compound

Pentamycin, also called fungichromin, is a macrolide antimicrobial. Pentamycin is a polyene antifungal antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces pentaticus. It is used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, for the protozoal infection trichomoniasis, and mixed infections. A 3 mg vaginal pessary is inserted once or twice daily for 5-10 days. It is also used to treat pulmonary aspergillosis as a dry powder inhalation system.

Perimycin, also known as aminomycin and fungimycin, is polyene antibiotic produced by Streptomyces coelicolor var. aminophilus. The compound exhibits antifungal properties. __TOC__ == Composition == Perimycin is produced naturally as a mixture of three types: A, B and C, with type A being the major component. All types consist of a polyketide core with a perosamine sugar moiety. The variations occur at the end of the core opposite the perosamine moiety. Perimycin A has an aromatic group in this position, whereas the identities of the analogous groups in the other perimycin types are currently

Mycolactone is a polyketide-derived macrolide produced and secreted by a group of very closely related pathogenic mycobacteria species including M. ulcerans, M. liflandii (an unofficial designation), M. pseudoshottsii, and some strains of M. marinum. These mycobacteria are collectively referred to as mycolactone-producing mycobacteria or MPM.

Xylindein is a quinone pigment, a dimeric naphthoquinone derivative. It is produced by fungi in the genus Chlorociboria. This pigment causes green staining of wood infected by the fungi.

Umirolimus (INN/USAN, also called Biolimus) is an immunosuppressant, a macrocyclic lactone, a highly lipophilic derivative of sirolimus. This drug is proprietary to Biosensors International, which uses it in its own drug-eluting stents, and licenses it to partners such as Terumo.

Rhizoxin is an antimitotic agent with anti-tumor activity. It is isolated from the fungus Rhizopus microsporus which causes rice seedling blight.

chemical compound

Zotarolimus (INN, codenamed ABT-578) is an immunosuppressant. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of sirolimus (rapamycin). It was designed for use in stents with phosphorylcholine as a carrier. Zotarolimus, or ABT-578, was originally used on Abbott's coronary stent platforms to reduce early inflammation and restenosis; however, Zotarolimus failed Abbott's primary endpoint to bring their stent/drug delivery system to market. The drug was sold/distributed to Medtronic for use on their stent platforms, which is the same drug they use today. Coronary stents reduce early complications and improve la

A dendralene is a discrete acyclic cross-conjugated polyene. The simplest dendralene is buta-1,3-diene (1) or [2]dendralene followed by [3]dendralene (2), [4]dendralene (3) and [5]dendralene (4) and so forth. [2]dendralene (butadiene) is the only one not cross-conjugated.