Year of birth unknown

Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world. He was a seminal figure of the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers, and was influential to medieval European medical and Scholastic thought.

Plutarch (; , Ploútarchos, ; before AD 50 – after 120) was a Greek and later Roman Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his Parallel Lives, a series of biographies of illustrious Greeks and Romans, and Moralia, a collection of essays and speeches. Upon becoming a Roman citizen, he was possibly named Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ().

Aristophanes (; ; ) was an Ancient Greek comic playwright from Athens. He wrote forty plays, of which eleven survive virtually complete. The majority of his surviving plays belong to the genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy and are considered its most valuable examples. Aristophanes's plays were performed at the religious festivals of Athens, mostly the City Dionysia and the Lenaia, and several of them won the first prize in their respective competitions.

Zarathushtra Spitama, more commonly known as Zoroaster or Zarathustra, was an Iranian religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary Ancient Iranian religion, becoming the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism. In the oldest Zoroastrian scriptures, the Gathas, which he is traditionally believed to have authored, he is described as a preacher and a poet-prophet. Some have claimed, with much scholarly controversy, to find his influence in Heraclitus, Plato, Pythagoras, and, perhaps less controversially, in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, parti

Hammurabi (; ; Akkadian: ; ), also spelled Hammurapi, was the sixth Amorite king of the Old Babylonian Empire, reigning from to BC. He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered the city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. He ousted Ishme-Dagan I, the king of Assyria, and forced his son Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute, bringing almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule.

Anaximander ( ; Anaximandros; ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia (in modern-day Turkey). He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded Thales and became the second master of that school, where he counted Anaximenes and, arguably, Pythagoras amongst his pupils.

4th Pope of the Catholic Church

Nefertiti (; ) was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the great royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti and her husband were known for their radical overhaul of state religious policy, in which they promoted an exclusivist and possibly even monotheistic religion, Atenism, centered on the sun disc and its direct connection to the royal household. With her husband, she reigned at what was arguably the wealthiest period of ancient Egyptian history.

Christian evangelist and apostle (10-74)

follower of Jesus (-100)

norse explorer (c. 970 – c. 1020)

fifth Prefect of the Roman province of Judaea, from AD 26–36

2nd Pope of the Catholic Church

Ambrose of Milan (; 4 April 397), canonized as Saint Ambrose, was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397.

notable as betrayer of Jesus, one of Jesus's original twelve disciples

one of the four evangelists

credited author of the Gospel of Mark and Christian saint; traditionally identified with John Mark (20-68)

Pope from 440 to 461 (390–461)

one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus

German-Dominican friar and saint (c. 1200–1280)

Christian apostle and martyr

Apostle of Jesus Christ

3rd pope and bishop of Rome from c. 79 to c. 92 AD

one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus; traditionally identified with Jude the brother of Jesus

33rd pope and saint (reigned 314-335)

Scottish knight and leading figure in the First War of Scottish Independence

5th Pope of the Catholic Church from c. 99 to c. 107

6th Pope of the Catholic Church from c. 107 to c. 115

7th Pope of the Catholic Church

Bishop of Rome from 492 to 496

bishop of Rome from c. 174 to 189

Bishop of Rome from c. 126 to c. 137

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Bishop of Rome from 257 to 258

Pope and Bishop of Rome from c.138 to c.142

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Head of the Catholic Church from 337 to 352

Pope and bishop of Rome from 259 to 268

Pope and bishop of Rome from 827 to 844

Pope and Bishop of Rome from 189 to 199

Head of the Catholic Church from 872 to 882

bishop of Rome from c. 157 to 168

Khufu or Cheops was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, reigning during the 26th century BC in the early Old Kingdom period. Khufu succeeded his father Sneferu as king. He is generally accepted as having commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, but many other aspects of his reign are poorly documented. Khufu is also the main character noted in the Westcar Papyrus from the 13th dynasty.

King of the Visigoths

Bishop of Rome from c. 218 to c. 223

Pope and Bishop of Rome from 199 to 217

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pope

apostle of Jesus

twelfth pope of the Catholic Church

Pope and Bishop of Rome (r. 579-590)

pope Saint (251 to 253)

Pope and bishop of Rome from 526 to 530

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Pope and Bishop of Rome from 254 to 257

pope and bishop of Rome from 530 to 532

Christian saint and apostle

4th-century pope

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