Arnold J. Toynbee was a British historian (1889–1975) who studied the rise and fall of civilizations across human history. His work matters because he developed influential theories about how civilizations develop and decline, shaping how many people understand the patterns of history.
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Arnold Joseph Toynbee (/ˈtɔɪnbi/; 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London. From 1918 to 1950, Toynbee was considered a leading specialist on international affairs; from 1929 to 1956 he was the Director of Studies at Chatham House, in which position he also produced 34 volumes of the Survey of International Affairs, a "bible" for international specialists in Britain.
He is best known for his 12-volume A Study of History (1934–1961). With his large output of papers, articles, speeches, presentations, and numerous books translated into many languages, Toynbee was widely read and discussed in the 1940s and 1950s.
· 1921 · cited 7,572x
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