Theoretical historians

German philosopher (1724-1804)

German philosopher, sociologist and economist (1820–1895)

German philosopher and theologian (1770–1831)

Arab historiographer and historian

6th century BCE Chinese general and military strategist

French philosopher, mathematician and sociologist (1798–1857)

English philosopher and political theorist (1820–1903)

German-Prussian general and military theorist

British political economist (1766–1834)

German philosopher, theologian, poet (1744–1803)

German historian and philosopher (1880-1936)

Polybius (; , ; ) was an ancient Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period. He is noted for his Histories, a universal history documenting the rise of Rome in the Mediterranean in the third and second centuries BC. It covers the period 264–146, recording in detail events in Italy, Iberia, Greece, Macedonia, Syria, Egypt and Africa, and documents the Punic Wars and Macedonian Wars among many others.

British historian (1889–1975)

U.S.-American theoretical physicist, futurist and author (1947-)

French philosopher, mathematician, and political scientist (1743-1794)

French historian and leader of the Annales School

French historian (1886–1944)

French diplomat and writer known for racial theories (1816–1882)

Russian sociologist (1889-1968)

French historian (1924-2014)

Qin State statesman, chancellor and reformer (c. 390–338 BC)

American sociologist and economic historian (1930–2019)

French philosopher (1901-1991)

French historian and writer

French historian (1919–1996)

American futurist noted for his views on nature of thermonuclear war (1922–1983)

American anthropologist (1900–1975)

Chinese chancellor and reformer (c. 720–645 BC)

German-American academic (1896–1988)

British historian

French historian (1924–2021)

American historian (1910–1977)

French historian

French historian (1895–1988)

French historian & academic (1923-2009)

Ukrainian-Canadian historian (1919-1984)

American sociologist (1924-2015)

political scientist

Israeli historian (1959-)

French historian (1921-1984)

French historian (1946-)

French epistemologist

Russian anthropologist and archaeologist

French historian (1911–1991)