complex analysis
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Complex analysis is the branch of mathematics that studies functions involving complex numbers (numbers with both real and imaginary parts). It matters because these functions appear throughout physics, engineering, and other sciences, and they have powerful properties that make solving difficult problems much easier than using only real numbers.
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Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of mathematical analysis that investigates functions of a complex variable of complex numbers. It is helpful in many branches of mathematics, including real analysis, algebraic geometry, number theory, analytic combinatorics, and applied mathematics, as well as in physics, including the branches of hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and twistor theory. By extension, use of complex analysis also has applications in engineering fields such as nuclear, aerospace, mechanical and electrical engineering.
At first glance, complex analysis is the study of holomorphic functions that are the differentiable functions of a complex variable. By contrast with the real case, a holomorphic function is always infinitely differentiable and equal to the sum of its Taylor series in some neighborhood of each point of its domain. This makes methods and results of complex analysis significantly different from that of real analysis. The study of real analytic functions often needs the power of complex analysis. This is, in particular, the case in analytic combinatorics.