File:Edvard_Munch,_1893,_The_Scream,_oil,_tempera_and_pastel_on_cardboard,_91_x_73_cm,_National_Gallery_of_Norway.jpg · Wikimedia Commons · See Wikimedia Commons

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expressionismo

movimento artístico

AI overview

Expressionism is a modernist movement that started in Northern Europe around 1900, primarily in poetry and painting, where artists deliberately distort reality from their personal perspective to create powerful emotional effects. Rather than trying to show the world as it actually looks, Expressionist artists aim to convey the inner feelings and meanings of emotional experience.

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Key facts

Art movement.name: Expressionism
Art movement.image: Edvard Munch, 1893, The Scream, oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard, 91 x 73 cm, National Gallery of Norway.jpg
Art movement.caption: Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1893, oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard, 91 × 73 cm, National Gallery of Norway, inspired 20th-century expressionists.
Art movement.yearsactive: The years before WWI and the interwar years
Art movement.country: Predominantly Germany
Art movement.influenced: American Figurative Expressionism, generally, and Boston Expressionism, in particular
Art movement.majorfigures: Artists loosely categorized within such groups as Die Brücke, Der Blaue Reiter; the Berlin Secession, the School of Paris and the Dresden Secession
Art movement.commons: yes

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Described at

5.6: Expressionism (1912-1935) - Humanities LibreTexts

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At the beginning of the new 20th century, artists in Europe were dissatisfied with the academic standards and style of the art community. They began experimenting with new ideas for the modern world and expanding cities. As part of the European transformations, Expressionism was born in Germany; art charged with emotions and subject matter found in the urban settings. The director of a German museum stated, "The German artist looks not for harmony of outward appearance but much more for the mystery hidden behind the external form. He or she is interested in the soul of things and wants to lay this bare."[[1]]( As part of a pre-World War II change, Expressionism included art, literature, theatre, and music, fueled by young people from Germany and Russia pushing for change in the social and political structures. The movement started at the turn of the century. It continued until the 1930s when the National Socialists (Nazis) grew in power, a government rejecting Expressionism in all forms and condemned it as 'degenerate.' The Post-Impressionists influenced the Expressionists, using bold colors and unusual forms to create expressive, exaggerated images. Instead of duplicating realistic images, the artists wanted to express inner feelings and used simple shapes and broad brushstrokes to illustrate their emotional ideas. Two different groups were dominant in the movement, Die Brucke (the bridge), led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, and Der Blaue Reiter (the blue rider), started by Wassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc. The new art styles of Expressionism flourished were displayed in museums and were purchased by collectors. In 1933, after Adolf Hitler was named to head the government, the Nazis started dismantling the artwork and removed 20,000 artworks from the museums owned by the state. "In 1937, 740 modern works were exhibited in the defamatory show Degenerate Art in Munich to 'educate' the public on the 'art of decay.'"[[2]]( The pictures in the exhibit were hung overlapping or askew, and graffiti was written on the walls with crude sayings. The work was defined as blasphemous, art defaming women or art from Jewish or communist artists. The exhibition encouraged the people to see the art as a plot against Germany. Many of the works were subsequently destroyed, sold to make money for the government, or hidden and discovered at a much later date. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938), born in Germany, studied architecture and fine art at one of the experimental art schools. He belonged to the Die Brucke (The Bridge), a group of artists who brought Post-Impressionists and Art Nouveau exhibitions to Germany. The group also started Expressionism at the beginning of the 20th century wanting to pursue nontraditional methods bridging the centuries. With the advent of World War I, he was drafted into the army, then discharged because of a breakdown, and spent time in hospitals. After the war, he went to Berlin, staying in his room, painting; others' images displayed his mental instability. He moved to Switzerland and continued to move in and out of sanitoriums, painting and making woodcuts. By 1920, he improved, and moved to back to Germany with his companion and model. His art was successful until the Nazi party rose to party in Germany, destroyed art, and shut down museums. Kirchner used bold colors and angles, capturing modern city life as viewed in Street, Berlin (5.6.1). The local prostitutes walk down the street, talking, the men looking down, unhappy expressions. When Kirchner formed the bodies, he gave them unusual angles and forms. The dark colors are illuminated by the reflective light of the women's white accessories. The painting was one of a series he made about prostitutes. Paula Modersohn-Becker (1876-1907), born in Germany, is considered one of the essential artists of early Expressionism in Germany. Her artistic ability was recognized when she was younger, and she trained with private instructors before going to Paris multiple

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Commons category: Expressionism
start time: 1900-00-00
described at URL: human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Art/A_World_Perspective_of_Art_History%3A_1400CE_to_the_21st_Century_(Gustlin_and_Gustlin)/05%3A_A_World_in_Turmoil_(1900-1940)/5.06%3A_Expressionism_(1912-1935)

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Article · Português

O Expressionismo foi um movimento artístico e cultural de vanguarda surgido na Alemanha no início do século XX, transversal aos campos artísticos da arquitetura, artes plásticas, literatura, música, cinema, teatro, dança e fotografia. Manifestou-se inicialmente através da pintura, coincidindo com o aparecimento do fauvismo francês, o que tornaria ambos os movimentos artísticos os primeiros representantes das chamadas "vanguardas históricas". Mais do que meramente um estilo com características em comum, o Expressionismo é sinónimo de um amplo movimento heterogéneo, de uma atitude e de uma nova forma de entender a arte, que aglutinou diversos artistas de várias tendências, formações e níveis intelectuais. O movimento surge como uma reacção ao positivismo associado aos movimentos impressionista e naturalista, propondo uma arte pessoal e intuitiva, onde predominasse a visão interior do artista — a "expressão" — em oposição à mera observação da realidade — a "impressão". O expressionismo compreende a deformação da realidade para expressar de forma subjectiva a natureza e o ser humano, dando primazia à expressão de sentimentos em relação à simples descrição objetiva da realidade. Entendido desta forma, o expressionismo não tem uma época ou um espaço geográfico definidos, e pode mesmo classificar-se como expressionista a obra de autores tão diversos como o holandês Piet Zwiers, Matthias Grünewald, Pieter Brueghel, o Velho, El Greco ou Francisco de Goya. Alguns historiadores, de forma a estabelecer uma distinção entre termos, preferem o uso de "expressionismo" — em minúsculas — como termo genérico, e "Expressionismo" — com inicial maiúscula — para o movimento alemão. Através de uma paleta cromática vincada e agressiva e do recurso às temáticas da solidão e da miséria, o expressionismo é um reflexo da angústia e ansiedade que dominavam os círculos artísticos e intelectuais da Alemanha durante os anos anteriores à Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) e que se prolongaria até ao fim do período entre-guerras (1918-1939). Angústia que suscitou um desejo veemente de transformar a vida, de alargar as dimensões da imaginação e de renovar a linguagem artística. O expressionismo defendia a liberdade individual, o primado da subjectividade, o irracionalismo, o arrebatamento e os temas proibidos — o excitante, diabólico, sexual, fantástico ou perverso. Pretendeu ser o reflexo de uma visão subjectiva e emocional da realidade, materializada através da expressividade dos meios plásticos, que adquiriram uma dimensão metafísica, abrindo os sentidos ao mundo interior. Muitas vezes visto como genuína expressão da alma alemã, o seu carácter existencialista, o seu anseio metafísico e a sua visão trágica do ser humano são características inerentes a uma concepção existencial aberta ao mundo espiritual e às questões da vida e da morte. Fruto das peculiares circunstâncias históricas em que surge, o expressionismo veio revelar o lado pessimista da vida e a angústia existencialista do indivíduo, que na sociedade moderna, industrializada, se vê alienado e isolado. O expressionismo não foi um movimento homogéneo, coexistindo vários polos artísticos com uma grande diversidade estilística, como a corrente modernista (Munch), fauvista (Rouault), cubista e futurista (Die Brücke), surrealista (Klee), ou a abstracta (Kandinsky). Embora o seu maior polo de difusão se encontrasse na Alemanha, o expressionismo manifestou-se também por meio de artistas provenientes de outras partes da Europa como Modigliani, Chagall, Soutine ou Permeke, e no continente americano como, por exemplo, os mexicanos Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros e o brasileiro Portinari. Na Alemanha existiram dois grupos dominantes: Die Brücke (fundado em 1905), e Der Blaue Reiter (fundado em 1911), embora tenha havido artistas independentes e não afiliados com nenhum dos grupos. Depois da Primeira Guerra Mundial surge a Nova Objetividade que, embora tenha sido uma reação ao individualismo expressionista e procurasse a função social na arte, a sua distorção das formas e o seu intenso colorido fazem do grupo um herdeiro directo da primeira geração expressionista.

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