(also ; ) is a phenomenon in Arabic comprising the fronting and raising of Old Arabic toward or , and the old short toward . and the factors conditioning its occurrence were described for the first time by Sibawayh. According to as-Sirafi and Ibn Jinni (10th century), the vowel of the was pronounced somewhere between and , suggesting a realization of .
(also ; ) is a phenomenon in Arabic comprising the fronting and raising of Old Arabic toward or , and the old short toward . and the factors conditioning its occurrence were described for the first time by Sibawayh. According to as-Sirafi and Ibn Jinni (10th century), the vowel of the was pronounced somewhere between and , suggesting a realization of .
Sibawayh primarily discusses as a shift of to in the vicinity of or , an allophonic variation that can be characterized as umlaut or i-mutation. Additionally, Sibawayh's subsumes occurrences of a phonemic vowel resulting from the collapse of Old Arabic triphthongs. For this reason, not all instances of can be characterized as a vowel shift from an original towards the .
Discovered by embedding cosine similarity (sentence-transformers MiniLM, 384-dim).