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Lise Meitner was an Austrian-Swedish physicist who made significant contributions to nuclear science in the early 20th century. Her work matters because she played a key role in explaining nuclear fission, one of the most important discoveries in physics that transformed our understanding of atomic structure and energy.
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Elise "Lise" Meitner (/ˈmaɪtnər/ MYTE-ner; German: [ˈliːzə ˈmaɪtnɐ] ; 7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was an Austrian and Swedish nuclear physicist who was instrumental in the discovery of nuclear fission.
After completing her doctoral research in 1906, Meitner became the second woman to earn a doctorate in physics from the University of Vienna. She spent much of her scientific career in Berlin, where she was a physics professor and a department head at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. She was the first woman to become a full professor of physics in Germany. She lost her positions in 1935 because of the anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws of Nazi Germany, and the 1938 Anschluss resulted in the loss of her Austrian citizenship. On 13–14 July 1938, she fled to the Netherlands with the help of Dirk Coster. She lived in Stockholm for many years, ultimately becoming a Swedish citizen in 1949, but relocated to Britain in the 1950s to be with family members.
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1878 births1968 deaths20th-century Austrian physicists20th-century Austrian women physicists20th-century Swedish physicists20th-century Swedish women scientistsAcademic staff of Stockholm UniversityAcademic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyAustrian LutheransAustrian nuclear physicistsCatholic University of America facultyConverts to Lutheranism from Judaism