thumb|alt=Sun, crescent moon and star against a light-blue background|Flag of the Organization of Turkic States thumb|Flag misattributed to the Turkic Kaganate|Turkic Khaganate
thumb|alt=Sun, crescent moon and star against a light-blue background|Flag of the Organization of Turkic States thumb|Flag misattributed to the Turkic Kaganate|Turkic Khaganate
Pan-Turkism () or Turkism () is a political movement that emerged during the 1880s among Turkic intellectuals who lived in the Russian region of Kazan (Tatarstan), South Caucasus (modern-day Azerbaijan) and the Ottoman Empire (modern-day Turkey), with its aim being the cultural and political unification of all Turkic peoples. Turanism is a closely related movement but it is a more general term, because Turkism only applies to Turkic peoples. However, researchers and politicians who are steeped in the pan-Turkic ideology have used these terms interchangeably in many sources and works of literature.
Discovered by embedding cosine similarity (sentence-transformers MiniLM, 384-dim).