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Also known as Ψ, pseudogenes

alt=Drawing of a gene showing kinds of defects (missing promoter, start codon or introns, premature stop codon, frameshift mutation, partial deletion).|540x540px|thumb Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Pseudogenes can be formed from both protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. In the case of protein-coding genes, most pseudogenes arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by gene duplication or indirectly by reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript. Pseudogenes are usually identified when genome sequence analysis finds gen