thumb|right|300px|Rubrication and Illuminated manuscript|illumination in the Malmesbury Bible from 1407 thumb|right|300px|Detail from a rare Blackletter [[Bible (1497) printed and rubricated in Strasbourg by Johann Grüninger]] Rubrication is the addition of text in red ink to a manuscript for emphasis. Practitioners of rubrication, so-called rubricators or rubrishers, were specialized scribes who received text from the original scribe. Rubrication was one of several steps in the medieval process of manuscript making. The term comes from the Latin , "to color red", the base word being , "red".
thumb|right|300px|Rubrication and Illuminated manuscript|illumination in the Malmesbury Bible from 1407 thumb|right|300px|Detail from a rare Blackletter [[Bible (1497) printed and rubricated in Strasbourg by Johann Grüninger]] Rubrication is the addition of text in red ink to a manuscript for emphasis. Practitioners of rubrication, so-called rubricators or rubrishers, were specialized scribes who received text from the original scribe. Rubrication was one of several steps in the medieval process of manuscript making. The term comes from the Latin , "to color red", the base word being , "red". The practice began in pharaonic Egypt with scribes emphasizing important text, such as headings, new parts of a narrative, etc., on papyri with red ink.
== History == The practice of rubrication usually entailed the addition of red headings to mark the end of one section of text and the beginning of another. Such headings were sometimes used to introduce the subject of the following section or to declare its purpose and function. Rubrication was used so often in this regard that the term rubric was commonly used as a generic term for headers of any type or color, though it technically referred only to headers to which red ink had been added. In liturgical books such as missals, red may also be used to give the actions to be performed by the celebrant or others, leaving the texts to be read in black. Important feasts in liturgical calendars were also often rubricated, and rubrication can indicate how scribes viewed the importance of different parts of their text. thumb|Extract of the second letter of St Paul to the Corinthians (), and of the second letter of St Peter (.), with red ink for certain characters. Rubrication may also be used to emphasize the starting character of a canto or other division of text; this was often important because manuscripts often consist of multiple works in a single bound volume. This particular type of rubrication is similar to flourishing, wherein red ink is used to style a leading character with artistic loops and swirls. However, this process is far less elaborate than illumination, in which detailed pictures are incorporated into the manuscript often set in thin sheets of gold to give the appearance of light within the text.
Discovered by embedding cosine similarity (sentence-transformers MiniLM, 384-dim).