Antiparkinsonian agents

Amantadine, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended because of widespread drug resistance. It is also used for a variety of other conditions. The drug is taken by mouth.

Memantine, sold under the brand name Namenda among others, is a medication used to slow the progression of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. It is taken by mouth.

Biperiden, sold under the brand name Akineton among others, is a medication used to treat Parkinson disease, certain drug-induced movement disorders and Tourette Syndrome. It is not recommended for tardive dyskinesias. It is taken by mouth, injection into a vein, or muscle.

Rasagiline, sold under the brand name Azilect among others, is a medication which is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It is used as a monotherapy to treat symptoms in early Parkinson's disease or as an adjunct therapy in more advanced cases. The drug is taken by mouth.

Entacapone, sold under the brand name Comtan among others, is a medication commonly used in combination with other medications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Entacapone together with levodopa and carbidopa allows levodopa to have a longer effect in the brain and reduces Parkinson's disease signs and symptoms for a greater length of time than levodopa and carbidopa therapy alone.

Carbidopa, sold under the brand name Lodosyn, is a medication used primarily in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It is a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor — that is, it blocks the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (DDC) in the peripheral nervous system, preventing the premature conversion of levodopa to dopamine outside the brain. Because carbidopa cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, it has no effect on DDC activity within the central nervous system, allowing a greater proportion of co-administered levodopa to reach the brain intact.

Tolcapone, sold under the brand name Tasmar, is a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). It is a selective, potent and reversible nitrocatechol-type inhibitor of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). It has demonstrated significant liver toxicity, which has led to suspension of marketing authorisations in a number of countries.

Carbidopa/levodopa, also known as levocarb and co-careldopa, is the combination of the two medications carbidopa and levodopa. It is primarily used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, although it does not slow down the disease or slow down progression. It can take two to three weeks of treatment before benefits are seen. Each dose then begins working in about ten minutes to two hours, with a duration of effect of about five hours. Carbidopa/levodopa is taken orally.

Benserazide is a peripherally acting aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, which is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier.

Bromantane, sold under the brand name Ladasten, is an atypical central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and anxiolytic drug of the adamantane family that is related to amantadine and memantine. Medically, it is approved in Russia for the treatment of neurasthenia. Although the effects of bromantane have been determined to be dependent on the dopaminergic and possibly serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, its exact mechanism of action is unknown, and is distinct in its properties relative to typical stimulants such as amphetamine. Bromantane has sometimes been described as an actoprotector (synt

Budipine (brand name Parkinsan) is an antiparkinson agent marketed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Opicapone, sold under the brand name Ongentys, is a medication which is administered together with levodopa in people with Parkinson's disease. Opicapone is a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor.

Mesocarb, sold under the brand name Sidnocarb or Sydnocarb and known by the developmental code name MLR-1017, is a psychostimulant medication which has been used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and for a number of other indications in the Soviet Union and Russia. It is currently under development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and sleep disorders. It is taken by mouth.

Pridinol, sold under the brand name Myopridin, is a muscle relaxant, anticholinergic and antiparkinsonian drug. It has also been evaluated for the treatment of muscle related pain.

Carbidopa/levodopa/entacapone, sold under the brand name Stalevo among others, is a dopaminergic fixed-dose combination medication that contains carbidopa, an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation; levodopa, an aromatic amino acid; and entacapone, an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Cycrimine (trade name Pagitane) is an anticholinergic drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It is an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1.

Bornaprine (brand name Sormodrem) is a synthetic anticholinergic medication that is primarily used to treat Parkinson's disease. Additionally, bornaprine has been used to treat other disorders, including hyperhidrosis.

Etilevodopa (developmental code name TV-1203) is a dopaminergic agent which was developed as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. It is the ethyl ester of levodopa. It was never marketed.

Metixene (brand names Methixart, CholinFall, Tremonil, Trest), also known as methixene, is an anticholinergic used as an antiparkinsonian agent. It has also been reported to induce incomplete autophagy and cell death in metastatic cancer and brain metastases.

(–)-Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP; developmental code name FPFS-1169) is an experimental drug related to selegiline which acts as a monoaminergic activity enhancer (MAE). It is orally active in animals.

Nitecapone (INN; OR-462) is a drug which acts as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT). It was patented as an antiparkinson medication but was never marketed.

Traxoprodil (developmental code name CP-101606) is a drug developed by Pfizer which acts as an NMDA antagonist, selective for the NR2B subunit. It has neuroprotective, analgesic, and anti-Parkinsonian effects in animal studies. Traxoprodil has been researched in humans as a potential treatment to lessen the damage to the brain after stroke, but results from clinical trials showed only modest benefit. The drug was found to cause EKG abnormalities (QT prolongation) and its clinical development was stopped. More recent animal studies have suggested traxoprodil may exhibit rapid-acting antidepress

1-Phenyl-2-propylaminopentane (PPAP), also known as 'α,N-dipropylphenethylamine (DPPEA) and by the developmental code name MK-306', is an experimental drug related to selegiline which acts as a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE).

Melevodopa, also known as levodopa methyl ester (LDME) and sold under the brand name Levomet, is a dopaminergic agent. It is the methyl ester of levodopa. It is used in oral tablet form as an effervescent prodrug with 250times the water solubility of tablet levodopa. In combination with carbidopa, as melevodopa/carbidopa (brand name Sirio), it is approved for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Etybenzatropine (INN), also known as ethybenztropine (USAN, BAN) and tropethydrylin, is a synthetic anticholinergic and antihistamine drug previously marketed under the trade names Panolid, Ponalid, and Ponalide for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Structurally related to benzatropine, etybenzatropine combines a tropane backbone with antihistaminic properties, acting primarily as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. It was used to alleviate motor symptoms such as tremor and rigidity but has been discontinued due to limited efficacy, significant side effects, an