Epistemologists

German-born philosopher (1818-1883)

Russian author (1828–1910)

Christian theologian, philosopher, and saint (354–430)

English philosopher and physician (1632-1704)

Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world. He was a seminal figure of the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers, and was influential to medieval European medical and Scholastic thought.

English philosopher and statesman (1561–1626)

Dutch philosopher (1632-1677)

ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician

Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian (1711-1776)

English philosopher (1588–1679)

Al-Ghazali, ( ( – 19 December 1111), Latinized as Algazelus, was a Shafi'i Sunni Muslim Iranian scholar and polymath. He is known as one of the most prominent and influential jurisconsults, legal theoreticians, muftis, philosophers, theologians, logicians and mystics in Islamic history.

Ibn Rushd (14 April 112611 December 1198), Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who was proficient in a variety of intellectual fields, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics. The author of more than 100 books and treatises, his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle, for which he was known in the Western world as "The Commentator" and "Father of Rationalism".

Austrian-British philosopher of science and social and política e falsificationism and for criticism of Plato, Hegel and Marx as totalitarian opponents of open society (1902-1994)

Russian-born American writer and public philosopher (1905–1982)

Irish idealist philosopher and Anglican bishop (1685–1753)

Mencius (孟子, Mèngzǐ, ; ), born Meng Ke (), was a Chinese Confucian philosopher, often described as the Second Sage () to reflect his traditional esteem relative to Confucius himself. He was part of Confucius's fourth generation of disciples, inheriting his ideology and developing it further. Living during the Warring States period, he is said to have spent much of his life travelling around the states offering counsel to different rulers. Conversations with these rulers form the basis of the Mencius, which would later be canonised as a Confucian classic.

Swiss psychologist, biologist, logician, philosopher and academic (1896–1980)

German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology (*1859 – †1938)

French philosopher (1930–2004)

Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)

thumbnail|200px|Postage stamp of the USSR, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (; – 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist. He has been designated as "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism", and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy".

Prussian philosopher, government official, diplomat, and educator (1767–1835)

Swedish 18th century scientist and theologian (1688-1772)

Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist (1883–1955)

Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (; ; ; ) was an Arab polymath who was active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Islamic peripatetic philosophers, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy".

Spanish-American philosopher

Romanian-French philosopher and essayist (1911–1995)

German-born French philosopher (1723–1789)

Hungarian marxist philosopher and literary critic (1885–1971)

English cleric and cardinal (1801–1890)

German philosopher and logician (1891–1970)

Mozi, personal name Mo Di,

Bohemian mathematician and priest (1781–1848)

Jewish-French-Lithuanian philosopher

british Austrian born psychoanalyst (1882–1960)

Lebanese-American mathematical statistician, option trader, risk analyst and author (born 1960)

Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian (1548-1617)

History of Political Philosophy scholar (1899-1973)

Scottish philosopher (1694–1746)

Argentine-Canadian philosopher (1919-2020)

philosopher and writer (born 1973)

Finnish philosopher and logician

Israeli-American computer scientist (born 1936)

Finland Swedish philosopher, professor and member of the Academy of Finland (1916–2003)

British-American philosopher and writer

Australian-born British philosopher (1859-1938)

Czech philosopher and photographer

German-born British philosopher

Polish philosopher, psychologist and logician (1866–1938)

Argentinian mathematician and computer scientist

Canadian-American philosopher

Austrian-American scientist and cybernetician (1911-2002)

South African philosopher and academic

Spanish essayist and university professor

Romanian philosopher, essayist and poet (1909–1987)

English philosopher (1887–1971)

Russian philosopher (1837-1890)

Belgian philosopher

Polish-born French epistemologist, chemist, and philosopher of science

Australian philosopher