Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Iproclozide (trade names Sursum, Sinderesin) is an irreversible and selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine chemical class that was used as an antidepressant, but has since been discontinued. It has been known to cause fulminant hepatitis and there have been at least three reported fatalities due to administration of the drug.

Methysticin is one of the six major kavalactones found in the kava plant. It enhances the activity of the GABAA receptor, acting as a positive modulator without affecting the benzodiazepine binding site. This effect is attributed to structural features such as its angular lactone ring and is similar in strength to other kavalactones like kavain and dihydromethysticin. Methysticin also induces the liver enzyme CYP1A1, which plays a role in the toxification of benzo[a]pyrene into a highly carcinogenic metabolite, although such induction has not been observed in vivo in humans or animals. Additio

Dihydromethysticin is one of the six major kavalactones found in the kava plant. It is known for its anxiolytic, analgesic, and anticonvulsant properties. It induces the liver enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP3A through mechanisms involving the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and potentially pregnane X receptor-independent transcriptional activation. Dihydromethysticin acts synergistically with other kavalactones, modulates NMDA receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels, and functions as a GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and monoamine oxidase B inhibitor. Dihydromethysticin shows high syste

group of chemical compounds

'''para-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), also known as 4-chloroamphetamine (4-CA'''), is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and serotonergic neurotoxin of the amphetamine family. It is used in scientific research in the study of the serotonin system, as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA) at lower doses to produce serotonergic effects, and as a serotonergic neurotoxin at higher doses to produce long-lasting depletions of serotonin.

Bifemelane (INN), sold under the brand names Alnert and Celeport, is an antidepressant and cerebral activator that was widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction patients with depressive symptoms in Japan, and in the treatment of dementia as well. It also appears to be useful in the treatment of glaucoma. It has been discontinued in Japan since 1998, when it was removed from the market reportedly for lack of effectiveness.

chemical compound

Benmoxin (trade names Neuralex, Nerusil), also known as mebamoxine, is an irreversible and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class. It was synthesized in 1967 and was subsequently used as an antidepressant in Europe, but is now no longer marketed.

Tetrindole was a drug candidate that functions by reversibly inhibiting monoamine oxidase A; it was first synthesized in Moscow in the early 1990s. Tetrindole is similar in its chemical structure to pirlindole (Pyrazidol), and metralindole.

Phenoxypropazine (trade name Drazine) is an irreversible and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine family. It was introduced as an antidepressant in 1961, but was subsequently withdrawn in 1966 due to hepatotoxicity concerns.

Yangonin is one of the six major kavalactones found in the kava plant. It acts as a selective agonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, inhibits monoamine oxidase (particularly MAO-B), and modulates GABAA receptor activity. Yangonin significantly reduces nociception and inflammatory hyperalgesia via spinal CB1 receptors in rats, highlighting its potential as a promising treatment for pain. It is the strongest COX-II inhibitor among the six major kavalactones. Yangonin also exhibits neuroprotective, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties, though it has shown toxicity to human hepatocytes in vi

5-MeO-αMT, also known as 5-methoxy-α-methyltryptamine or as 'α,O-dimethylserotonin (α,O-DMS or Alpha-O'), is a psychedelic drug of the tryptamine, α-alkyltryptamine, and 5-methoxytryptamine families. It is a derivative of α-methyltryptamine (αMT) and an analogue of 5-MeO-DMT. The drug is said to be the most potent psychedelic of the simple indolealkylamines (i.e., tryptamines). It is taken orally and is used at doses of 2 to 4mg.

Brofaromine (proposed brand name Consonar) is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) discovered by Ciba-Geigy. The compound was primarily researched in the treatment of depression and anxiety but its development was dropped before it was brought to market.

Safrazine (Safra) is a non-selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class that was introduced as an antidepressant in the 1960s, but has since been discontinued alongside several old generation MAOIs in favor of the invention of RIMAs and more efficacious treatments for depression in general.

5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole (5-API or 5-IT), also known as 3,4-pyrrolo[b]amphetamine or by the code name PAL-571, is an indole and amphetamine derivative with stimulant effects. Its preparation was first reported by Albert Hofmann in 1962. It is a designer drug that has been openly sold as a recreational drug by online vendors since 2011.

Metfendrazine (developmental code names HM-11, MO-482), also known as methphendrazine, is an irreversible and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine family. It was investigated as an antidepressant, but was never marketed.

Naphthylaminopropane (NAP; code name PAL-287), also known as naphthylisopropylamine (NIPA), is an experimental drug of the amphetamine and naphthylaminopropane families that was under investigation for the treatment of alcohol and stimulant addiction.

Geiparvarin is a coumarin derivative found in the leaves of the Australian Willow (Geijera parviflora). It is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

Eprobemide (INN) is a pharmaceutical drug that was used as an antidepressant in Russia (under the brand name Бефол/Befol). It is a non-competitive reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A that exhibits selective action on serotonin deamination. Eprobemide differs from moclobemide only in the linker that connects the morpholine fragment with the chlorobenzamide — moclobemide has two carbon atoms while eprobemide has three. Its registration was cancelled on December 30, 2003.

Befloxatone (MD-370,503) is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.

Tetrahydroharmol is a bioactive β-carboline and harmala alkaloid. It acts as a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.

Dihydrokavain is one of the six major kavalactones found in the kava plant. It showed the highest systemic exposure among all six major kavalactones tested, indicating it may play a central role in kava's pharmacological effects in humans. The anxiolytic effects of kava are primarily attributed to dihydrokavain.

Indantadol (developmental code names CHF-3381, V-3381) is a drug of the 2-aminoindane family which was formerly being investigated as an anticonvulsant and neuroprotective and is now under development for the treatment of neuropathic pain and chronic cough in Europe by Vernalis and Chiesi. It acts as a competitive, reversible, and non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and as a low affinity, non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. A pilot study of indantadol for chronic cough was initiated in October 2009 and in April 2010 it failed to achieve significant efficacy in neuropathic pain in

antidepressant

Cimoxatone (MD 780515) is a reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA). It was never marketed.

'''para-Methoxyethylamphetamine (PMEA''') is a stimulant drug related to PMA. PMEA reputedly produces similar effects to PMA, but is considerably less potent and seems to have slightly less tendency to produce severe hyperthermia, at least at low doses. At higher doses however the side effects and danger of death approach those of PMA itself, and PMEA should still be considered a potentially dangerous drug. Investigation of a drug-related death in Japan in 2005 showed PMEA to be present in the body and was thought to be responsible for the death.

Ladostigil (developmental code name TV-3326) is a novel neuroprotective agent being investigated for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson's disease. It was developed from structural modification of rasagiline.

'''para-Ethoxyamphetamine (PEtOA), also known as 4-ethoxyamphetamine (4-EA, 4-ETA, or 4-EtO-A'), is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine families which is closely related to para''-methoxyamphetamine (PMA). It has similar effects to PMA in animal studies, although with slightly weaker stimulant effects. Like PMA, it has prominent MAOI activity, and is likely to have similar dangers associated with its use.

Domoxin (INN) is a hydrazine derivative monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant which was never marketed.

Amiflamine (developmental code name FLA-336), also known '(S)-2-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)amphetamine', is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), thereby being a RIMA, and, to a lesser extent, semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) inhibitor, as well as a serotonin releasing agent (SRA). It is a derivative of the phenethylamine and amphetamine families. The (+)-enantiomer is the active stereoisomer.

Clorgiline (), or clorgyline (), is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and investigational antidepressant related to pargyline. Specifically, it is an irreversible and selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). Clorgiline was never marketed, but it has found use in scientific research.

Carbenzide (INN), is a hydrazine derivative monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant which was never marketed.

Sercloremine (CGP-4718A), usually as the hydrochloride salt, is a drug which was developed in the 1980s and was formerly under investigation as an antidepressant, but was never marketed. It acts as a selective, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) and serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Cimemoxin (INN), or cyclohexylmethylhydrazine, is a hydrazine monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant which was never marketed.