Signal transduction

thumb|300px|Left: A hormone feedback loop in a female adult human Right: Auxin transport from leaves to roots in [[Arabidopsis thaliana]]

right|thumb|400px|Diagram of a chemical synaptic connection

large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and cellular responses

chemical compound

axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction takes place

type of proteins

class of enzymes

class of pharmacological agents, which reduces or diminishes the effect of an agonist on a receptor

A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages. Two possible forms exist, 1,2-diacylglycerols and 1,3-diacylglycerols. Diglycerides are natural components of food fats, though minor in comparison to triglycerides. DAGs can act as surfactants and are commonly used as emulsifiers in processed foods. DAG-enriched oil (particularly 1,3-DAG) has been investigated extensively as a fat substitute due to its ability to suppress the accumulation of body fat; with total annual sales of approximate

cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell

class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system

thumb|The helix–loop–helix structure of the calcium-binding EF hand motif Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells. It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca2+, and the binding of Ca2+ is required for the activation of calmodulin. Once bound to Ca2+, calmodulin acts as part of a calcium signal transduction pathway by modifying its interactions with various target proteins such as kinases or phosphatases.

Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In addition to playing a major role in the activation of host immune responses, chemokines are important for biological processes, including morphogenesis and wound healing, as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases like cancers.

Retinal (also known as retinaldehyde) is a polyene chromophore. Retinal, bound to proteins called opsins, is the chemical basis of visual phototransduction, the light-detection stage of visual perception (vision).

physical interactions and constructions between multiple proteins

chemical compound

thumb|Crystallographic structure of calcineurin heterodimer composed of the catalytic (PPP3CA) and regulatory ([[PPP3R1) subunits.]]

family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP

series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as mammalian target of rapamycin is a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. It belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family and is evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes. It also promotes the activation of insulin receptors and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors.

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

family of intracellular tyrosine kinases

biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent

transfer of information from one cell to another, via passive diffusion or bulk flow in intercellular fluid

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases

series of chemical reactions which are initiated by a stimulus acting on a receptor that is transduced to the cell interior through second messengers and ultimately to effector molecules, resulting in a cell response to the initial stimulus

GTPases are a large family of hydrolase enzymes that bind to the nucleotide guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and hydrolyze it to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The GTP binding and hydrolysis takes place in the highly conserved P-loop "G domain", a protein domain common to many GTPases.

class of lipid compounds

description of the element's function as an essential mineral micronutrient

biomarker indicative of breast cancer patients' prognosis

series of molecular signals

In biochemistry, dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate () group from an organic compound by hydrolysis. It is a reversible post-translational modification. Dephosphorylation and its counterpart, phosphorylation, activate and deactivate enzymes by detaching or attaching phosphoric esters and anhydrides. A notable occurrence of dephosphorylation is the conversion of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Type of membrance receptor that acts through a second messenger

thumb|250px|Adenosine diphosphate ribose|ADP-ribose ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis. Improper ADP-ribosylation has been implicated in some forms of cancer. It is also the basis for the toxicity of bacterial compounds such as cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and others.

biological signaling pathway

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

class of chemical compounds

InterPro Domain

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT1 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.

Phototropins are blue light photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins) that mediate phototropism responses across many species of algae, fungi and higher plants. Phototropins can be found throughout the leaves of a plant. Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the light environment. When phototropins are hit with blue light, they induce a signal transduction pathway that alters the plant cells' functions in different ways.

transduction cell within the olfactory system

Small pigmented organelle used in single-celled organisms to detect light

Molecular photoreceptors

InterPro Family

group of toxins

class of transport proteins

An autoreceptor is a type of receptor located in the membranes of nerve cells. It serves as part of a negative feedback loop in signal transduction. It is only sensitive to the neurotransmitters or hormones released by the neuron on which the autoreceptor sits. Similarly, a heteroreceptor is sensitive to neurotransmitters and hormones that are not released by the cell on which it sits. A given receptor can act as either an autoreceptor or a heteroreceptor, depending upon the type of transmitter released by the cell on which it is embedded.

cell signaling pathway

signaling method between cells of the same type

thumb|right | alt=T Cell Receptor complexed with MHC I and II. | T Cell Receptor complexed with MHC I and II. A co-receptor is a cell surface receptor that binds a signalling molecule in addition to a primary receptor in order to facilitate ligand recognition and initiate biological processes, such as entry of a pathogen into a host cell.

intracellular communication process

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) is a small cytokine that was previously called monocyte-chemotactic protein 3 (MCP3). CCL7 is a small protein that belongs to the CC chemokine family and is most closely related to CCL2 (previously called MCP1).

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT2 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. This protein is critical to the biological response of type I interferons (IFNs). It functions as a transcription factor downstream of type I interferons. STAT2 sequence identity between mouse and human is only 68%.

class of enzymes

movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus

thumb|250px|right|In myristoylation, a myristoyl group (derived from [[myristic acid, pictured above) is added.]] thumb|300px|right|Co-translational addition of myristic acid by N-myristoyltransferase to N-terminal glycine of a nascent protein. Myristoylation is a lipidation modification where a myristoyl group, derived from myristic acid, is covalently attached by an amide bond to the alpha-amino group of an N-terminal glycine residue. Myristic acid is a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid (14:0) with the systematic name of n-tetradecanoic acid. This modification can be added either co-translation

type of protein

Biological signaling using lipid molecules