Social philosophers

Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.

Confucius (), born Kong Qiu, was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the Sinosphere originates in the philosophy and teachings of Confucius. His philosophical teachings, called Confucianism, emphasized personal and governmental morality, harmonious social relationships, righteousness, kindness, sincerity, and a ruler's responsibilities to lead by virtue.

German-born philosopher (1818-1883)

Russian author (1828–1910)

Indian philosopher and the founder of Buddhism (623 or 563 BCE – 543 or 483 BCE)

Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer (1712-1778)

Scottish moral philosopher and political economist (1723–1790)

American polymath and statesman (1706–1790)

Laozi (, ; ), formerly Latinized as Laocius, was a legendary Chinese philosopher considered to be the author of the Tao Te Ching (Pinyin: Dào Dé Jīng), one of the foundational texts of Taoism. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions and his opus a collaboration of various writers, with the name Laozi, literally meaning 'Old Master', likely intended to portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with Confucianism. Traditional accounts addend him as , born in the 6th-centuryBC state of Chu during China's Spring and Autumn period (). Serving as the r

Dutch philosopher (1632-1677)

16th Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 and Stoic philosopher

Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)

English philosopher (1588–1679)

English poet and civil servant (1608–1674)

Czech statesman, playwright, and former dissident, the last president of Czechoslovakia and the first president of the Czech Republic (1936–2011)

Russian revolutionary anarchist and philosopher (1814–1876)

American Founding Father, philosopher, and political activist (1737–1809)

Ibn Rushd (14 April 112611 December 1198), Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who was proficient in a variety of intellectual fields, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics. The author of more than 100 books and treatises, his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle, for which he was known in the Western world as "The Commentator" and "Father of Rationalism".

Austrian-British philosopher of science and social and política e falsificationism and for criticism of Plato, Hegel and Marx as totalitarian opponents of open society (1902-1994)

Xenophon of Athens (; ; 355/354 BC) was a Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian. At the age of 30, he was elected as one of the leaders of the retreating Greek mercenaries, the Ten Thousand, who had been part of Cyrus the Younger's attempt to seize control of the Achaemenid Empire. As the military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge wrote, "the centuries since have devised nothing to surpass the genius of this warrior".

German-American political theorist and philosopher (1906–1975)

Anglo-Irish statesman, political theorist and conservative philosopher (1729–1797)

English philosopher and political theorist (1820–1903)

Russian revolutionary socialist and philosopher (1842–1921)

Franco-Czechoslovak poet and novelist (1929—2023)

American poet and critic (1885–1972)

Mencius (孟子, Mèngzǐ, ; ), born Meng Ke (), was a Chinese Confucian philosopher, often described as the Second Sage () to reflect his traditional esteem relative to Confucius himself. He was part of Confucius's fourth generation of disciples, inheriting his ideology and developing it further. Living during the Warring States period, he is said to have spent much of his life travelling around the states offering counsel to different rulers. Conversations with these rulers form the basis of the Mencius, which would later be canonised as a Confucian classic.

British philosopher, jurist, and social reformer (1748–1832)

Polish science fiction author, philosopher and futurologist, studied medical doctor (1921–2006)

French philosopher (1930–2004)

Chinese Taoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BC)

Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)

thumbnail|200px|Postage stamp of the USSR, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (; – 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist. He has been designated as "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism", and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy".

Prussian philosopher, government official, diplomat, and educator (1767–1835)

Swedish 18th century scientist and theologian (1688-1772)

Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist (1883–1955)

Russian author, philosopher, and revolutionary (1812–1870)

Spanish-American philosopher

German-born French philosopher (1723–1789)

Austrian-American economist (1881–1973)

Chinese Legalist, 280–233 BCE

Hungarian marxist philosopher and literary critic (1885–1971)

Mozi, personal name Mo Di,

American-Canadian speculative fiction writer (born 1948)

French physician and philosopher

Jewish-French-Lithuanian philosopher

Qin State statesman, chancellor and reformer (c. 390–338 BC)

Song Dynasty chancellor and poet (1021-1086)

Scottish philosopher (1694–1746)

Hungarian economist, philosopher and historian

Scottish philosopher and historian; (1723-1816)

Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist (1910–1989)

Greek-French philosopher (1922–1997)

Hungarian-British polymath (1891–1976)

Argentine-Canadian philosopher (1919-2020)

Thiruvalluvar, commonly known as Valluvar, was an Indian poet and philosopher. He is best known as the author of the Tirukkuṟaḷ, a collection of couplets on ethics, political and economic matters, and love. The text is considered an exceptional and widely cherished work of Tamil literature.

American political economist (1946–)

Austrian born French philosopher and journalist (1923-2007)

Indian political activist and intellectual

Austrian sociologist (1873-1937)