gadolinium

Also known as Gd, element 64, 64Gd, Gad, gadolininum, gadolinum

Gadolinium is a chemical element; it has symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white metal when oxidation is removed. Gadolinium is a malleable and ductile rare-earth element. It reacts with atmospheric oxygen or moisture slowly to form a black oxide coating. Gadolinium below its Curie point of is ferromagnetic, with an attraction to a magnetic field higher than that of nickel. Above this temperature it is the most paramagnetic element. It is found in nature only in an oxidized form. When separated, it usually has impurities of the other rare earths because of their similar chemical

OverviewAI-generated

Gadolinium is a chemical element with the symbol Gd and atomic number 64. Its standard atomic weight is 157.25. The element has an electronegativity of 1.20 and an ionic radius of 1.05. It was discovered in 1880.

The substance is represented by the canonical SMILES string "[Gd]" and the Unicode character "釓". It has a topological polar surface area of 0, with no hydrogen bond donors or acceptors, and carries a charge of 0.

References to gadolinium appear in 45,325 PubMed articles. Additionally, the subject is referenced by 1,486 other encyclopedia articles.

Synthesized by Vinony from 23 facts across 4 sources: Wikidata, PubChem, PubMed, Vinony graph. Generated from structured data (not the Wikipedia text) and checked against those facts — may still contain errors.

Chemical data

Formula: Gd
Molecular weight: 157.25 g/mol
IUPAC name: gadolinium
SMILES: [Gd]
InChIKey: UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Polar surface area: 0 Å²
H-bond donors: 0
H-bond acceptors: 0
Formal charge: 0

via PubChem

Research

45,325 papers

Update on Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent Safety, From the AJR Special Series on Contrast Media.ReviewAJR. American journal of roentgenology · 2024Starekova J, Pirasteh A, Reeder SBDOI: 10.2214/AJR.23.30036
Gadolinium Deposition Disease: Current State of Knowledge and Expert Opinion.ReviewInvestigative radiology · 2023Semelka RC, Ramalho MDOI: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000977
Gadolinium-Induced Fibrosis.ReviewAnnual review of medicine · 2016Todd DJ, Kay JDOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-063014-124936
Gadolinium toxicity: mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and nanoparticle role.ReviewArchives of toxicology · 2025Domingo JL, Semelka RCDOI: 10.1007/s00204-025-04124-x
Reducing Gadolinium Contrast With Artificial Intelligence.ReviewJournal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2024Tsui B, Calabrese E, Zaharchuk G et al.DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29095
Extracellular gadolinium-based contrast agents.ReviewRadiologia · 2024Soler-Fernández R, Méndez-Díaz C, Rodríguez-García EDOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2024.04.004
[Gadolinium deposition-"gadolinium deposition disease"].ReviewDer Radiologe · 2019Raczeck P, Fries P, Bücker A et al.DOI: 10.1007/s00117-019-0522-9
Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent-Related Toxicities.ReviewCNS drugs · 2018Pasquini L, Napolitano A, Visconti E et al.DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0500-1

via PubMed

~21 min read

Encyclopedic overview

24 sections

Contents

Characteristics
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Chemical compounds
Isotopes
History
Occurrence
Production
Neutron absorber
Alloys
Magnetic contrast agent
Phosphors
Gamma ray emitter
Electronic and optical devices
Electrolyte in fuel cells
Magnetic refrigeration via magnetocalorics
Superconductors
Asthma treatment
Niche and former applications
Safety
Biological use
Notes
References
External links

Gadolinium was discovered in 1880 by Jean Charles de Marignac, who detected its oxide by using spectroscopy. It is named after the mineral gadolinite, one of the minerals in which gadolinium is found, itself named for the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin. Pure gadolinium was first isolated by the chemist Félix Trombe in 1935.

Excerpted from Wikipedia’s “gadolinium” article, available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.