Poland is a Central European country bordered by Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Kaliningrad Oblast, extending from the Baltic Sea in the north to mountains in the south. As the fifth most populous and fifth largest member state of the European Union with over 38 million people, Poland plays a significant role in European affairs.
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Poland is located at the very centre of Europe with an area of 322,575 km².
Poland's western regions, including large parts of Lower Silesia, Lubuskie and Zachodniopomorskie, were parts of neighbouring Germany at different periods of time. The natural border of mountain ridges separating Poland from its southern neighbours, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, did not stop the cultural influence (and periodic warring). In the Middle Ages, Poland was part of a powerful Commonwealth with Lithuania that governed much of today's Belarus and Ukraine. The cultural evidence of it can be found closer to the present-day borders. Lastly, the entire eastern half of Poland used to be controlled by the Russian Empire, and there was a strong Soviet influence during the communist era, leaving behind many traces in both culture and built heritage.
Poland has a very homogeneous society in terms of ethnicity, language and religion. The historical Republics of Poland, whose boundaries were very different from those of today, were very multi-cultural, and, for a period, Poland was known as Europe's most religiously tolerant. Poland held Europe's largest Jewish population, which was all but wiped out by the Holocaust of World War II. After the war the survivors were persecuted by the anti-Semitic communist government into leaving the country.
Despite losing a third of its population during World War II, including a disproportionally large part of its elites, and suffering many economic setbacks as…
Polish road infrastructure is extensive but generally poorly maintained, and high speed motorways in place are insufficient. However, public transport is quite plentiful and inexpensive: buses and trams in cities, and charter buses and trains for long-distance travel.
Ever since Poland joined the European Union, international travellers have rapidly rediscovered the country's rich cultural heritage, stunning historic sites and just gorgeous array of landscapes. Whether you're looking for architecture, urban vibes or a taste of the past: Poland's bustling cities and towns offer something for everyone. If you'd rather get away from the crowds and enjoy nature, the country's vast natural areas provide anything from dense forests, high peaks and lush hills to beaches and lake reserves.
Travel one of the European Cultural Routes that cross Poland: for example Cisterian Route Watch football: Ekstraklasa is the top tier of soccer in Poland, with 16 teams representing all the major cities. The playing season is July to April with a long winter break. The national team usually play home games at Stadion Narodowy (National Stadium) in Warsaw. Cycling: you can bike through Poland, there are five EuroVelo trails going through nearly every part of country. However, infrastructure may be a bit lacking outside major cities.
波兰共和国(波蘭語:Rzeczpospolita Polska),通称波兰(波蘭語:Polska),是位於中欧的共和國,首都及最大城市为华沙,下分为16个省份。波兰国土面積312,679平方公里,位居歐洲第十;人口約3,826萬人,位居歐洲第九、欧盟第五。其北臨波罗的海,西接德国,西南接捷克,南接斯洛伐克,東南接乌克兰,東接白俄罗斯,东北接立陶宛及俄罗斯加里宁格勒州。 波兰历史悠久,早在五十万年前就有先民居住。进入9世纪以后,古波兰部落逐渐统一了今天波兰的大部分地区,并成为波兰国名的起源。966年,这一部落的首领梅什科一世皈依基督教,是为波兰建国之始。1025年,波兰王国正式成立,后于1569年与立陶宛大公国合并,成立波蘭立陶宛聯邦。16至17世纪,波兰立陶宛联邦是歐洲大陸面积最大、人口最多的国家之一,经济文化繁荣,并建立了一套独特的贵族民主制政体。1791年,波兰立陶宛联邦通过了《五三宪法》,为欧洲第一部、世界第二部成文宪法。 18世纪,波兰立陶宛联邦由盛转衰,最终被奥地利、俄罗斯、普鲁士瓜分,波兰进入持续一百多年的亡國時期,不过在此期间没有丢失自己的语言和文化。一战结束后,波兰复国,并重新成为欧洲的重要国家。1939年9月1日,德国入侵波兰,标志着二战的正式开始。二战期间,波兰受到极大摧残,为死伤最严重的国家之一。 二战结束后,波兰人民共和国成立。在这一时期,波兰开始采用社会主义制度,有效地进行了战后重建,成为東方集團的重要成员,也是《华沙条约》的主要签署国之一。进入20世纪80年代,团结工会开始崛起,最终促成了社会主义时期的结束以及西式民主制度的回归,是为「第三共和國」,自此进入了新的发展时期。 今天的波兰是一个单一制、雙首長制共和国,为一大中等强国。波兰是欧盟第六大经济体,也是当代世界发展较迅速的国家之一,其国民生活水平高,治安良好,经济较为自由,拥有免费的大学教育与完善的医疗保障体系。波兰是联合国的创始成员国,也是经济合作与发展组织、世贸组织、欧盟、北约等國際組織的成員。
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Poles take their meals following the standard continental schedule: a light breakfast in the morning (usually some sandwiches with tea/coffee), then a larger lunch (or traditionally a "dinner") at around 13:00-14:00, then a supper at around 19:00.
It is not difficult to avoid meat, with many restaurants offering at least one vegetarian dish. Most major cities have some exclusively vegetarian restaurants, especially near the city centre. Vegan options remain extremely limited, however.
thumbnail|right|Pierogi
thumbnail|right|Polish people drink more beer than any other alcoholic beverage
Poland is on the border of European "vodka" and "beer culture". Poles enjoy alcoholic drinks but they drink less than the European average. You can buy beer, vodka and wine. Although Poland is known as the birthplace of vodka, local beer seems to have much more appeal to many Poles. Another traditional alcoholic beverage is mead. Polish liqueurs and nalewka (alcoholic tincture) are a must.
You must be over 18 years old and be able to prove it with a valid ID to buy alcohol, and this is strictly enforced.
Poland is catching up with Western Europe when it comes to availability and standards of lodging. Many smaller towns and locations less frequented by tourists still offer very little choice of accommodation and the existing providers make use of it rather by offering low standards than charging extortionate prices. In large cities, both in hotels and hostels, you can expect staff to have reasonable command of English, and often other foreign languages. In less frequented locations, the language barrier may be a problem.
The European unified emergency number 112 is being deployed in Poland. By now, it certainly works for all mobile-phone calls and most land-line calls.
There are also three "old" emergency numbers that are still in use for land-lines. These are: Ambulance (Pogotowie): 999, Firefighters (Straż Pożarna): 998, and Police (Policja): 997.
Municipal Guards (Straż Miejska), dial 986, is a kind of auxiliary Police force found only in large cities. They are not armed and their role is primarily to cope with parking offences and minor cases of antisocial behaviour.
thumbnail|right|When in trouble, report immediately to the police (Policja)
Tap water is safe to drink in entire Poland. If you stay in any larger settlement, there is no reason to worry about water quality. The only complaint may be excessive chlorine treatment and the resulting unpleasant smell. However in some rural locations residents may prefer to source water from wells, which usually will be contaminated with iron and unsafe to drink. Poland relies heavily on coal and wood for home heating, and thus has a serious smog problem, which is particularly pronounced in winter and in the southern regions, especially in mountain valleys.
The land border can be crossed to Germany, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, and Lithuania. Traffic to Belarus and the Kaliningrad Oblast is severely restricted as of 2025.
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