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Also known as Th, element 90, 90Th

یکی از عنصرهای جدول تناوبی عنصرها

OverviewAI-generated

Thorium is a chemical element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90. It was discovered in 1828. The element has a mass of 232.0377 and an electronegativity of 1. Its primary oxidation state is 4, and it exhibits a Mohs' hardness of 3. The ionic radius of thorium is 1.21.

In chemical notation, thorium is represented by the formula Th and the canonical SMILES string [Th]. It is also identified by the Unicode character 釷. The substance has a charge of 0 and contains no hydrogen bond donors or acceptors, resulting in a topological polar surface area of 0.

Thorium is referenced by 1,512 other encyclopedia articles. Medical literature includes 5,999 entries associated with the query for thorium. The element is categorized under the Commons category "Thorium."

Synthesized by Vinony from 24 facts across 4 sources: Wikidata, PubChem, PubMed, Vinony graph. Generated from structured data (not the Wikipedia text) and checked against those facts — may still contain errors.

Key facts

Thorium.engvar: en-GB

via Wikipedia infobox

Chemical data

Formula: Th
Molecular weight: 232.038 g/mol
IUPAC name: thorium
SMILES: [Th]
InChIKey: ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Polar surface area: 0 Å²
H-bond donors: 0
H-bond acceptors: 0
Formal charge: 0

via PubChem

Research

5,999 papers

Thorium ore dust research applicable to mineral sands industry workers.ReviewJournal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection · 2025Hewson GS, Ralph MI, Cattani MDOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/adacf6
Thorium inhibits human respiratory chain complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase).Journal of hazardous materials · 2022Yu L, Lin Z, Cheng X et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127546
Thorium bioassay of miners revisited.Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection · 2025Hewson GS, Ralph M, Cattani MDOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/adc312
Thorium(IV) triggers ferroptosis through disrupting iron homeostasis and heme metabolism in the liver following oral ingestion.Journal of hazardous materials · 2023Ma M, Wang R, Xu MDOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131217
Thorium promotes lung, liver and kidney damage in BALB/c mouse via alterations in antioxidant systems.Chemico-biological interactions · 2022Chaudhury D, Sen U, Sahoo BK et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109977
The role of thorium in endomyocardial fibrosis.ReviewHuman & experimental toxicology · 1990Singh NPDOI: 10.1177/096032719000900203
Thorium exerts hazardous effects on some neurotransmitters and thyroid hormones in adult male rats.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2020Abdel-Rahman M, Rezk MM, Abdel Moneim AE et al.DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01718-y
Construction of a thorium/actinium generator at the Canadian Nuclear Laboratories.Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine · 2020Perron R, Gendron D, Causey PWDOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109262

Wikidata facts

Instance of: lithophile
Part of: actinide
Named after: Thor
Mass: 232.0377
Image: Thorium sample 0.1g.jpg

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time of discovery or invention: 1828-01-01
topic's main category: Category:Thorium
element symbol: Th
Commons category: Thorium
discoverer or inventor: Jöns Jacob Berzelius
atomic number: 90
described by source: Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition
electronegativity: 1
oxidation state: 1
Mohs' hardness: 3
Unicode character: 釷
chemical formula: Th
canonical SMILES: [Th]
ionic radius: 1.21
on focus list of Wikimedia project: Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4

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