Also known as Russian Federation, Federation of Russia
東歐及北亞國家
Russia is the world's largest country, spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia across eleven time zones and bordering fourteen nations, with a population of over 140 million people. It matters globally due to its enormous size, significant population, and major cities like Moscow—Europe's most populous metropolitan area—which serve as centers of political, economic, and cultural influence.
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{| style="float:right; clear:right;margin-left: 1em; width:280px;" cellpadding=8 cellspacing=1 border=0 |- |align=left width=100% style="color: #333; background-color:#f3f3ff; border:1px solid; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em"| Russia, by mind, one can't understand,Nor measure by common yardstick.She has of herself a build unique:In Russia you only believe.
«Умом Россию не понять, Аршином общим не измерить: У ней особенная стать — В Россию можно только верить.»,Fyodor Tyutchev, 1866 |}
Russia was the most senior of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union, and still bears scars from its dissolution in the 1990s, with tensions with neighbours, as well as within the country itself. While the country is officially styled the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, Rossiskaya Federatsia) and the federal subjects and autonomous republic have some nominal self-government, power has always been centered around Moscow. Out of the nearly 150 million inhabitants, around 30 million have an ethnicity other than Russian; see Minority cultures of Russia.
Russia has exceptionally onerous visa requirements. In most cases, you have to obtain a notarised letter of invitation from a Russian citizen or organisation before you can apply for a visa.
Some parts of the country ― for example, Chukotka and Norilsk, and many of the border regions ― are closed to foreigners unless they acquire special permits from the government. In most cases, you will need a local sponsor in the region to issue you an invitation through the local FSB office before you can apply for the permit, but some of these regions can be visited by foreigners on package tours, in which case your tour company will obtain all the relevant permits for you.
Although Russia has an open border with Belarus, third country nationals are not permitted to cross the border between Russia and Belarus overland; they are required to fly to travel directly between the two countries.
thumb|Visa policy of Russia: countries in turquoise have access to e-Visa, countries in grey normally require a normal visa to enter Russia, other colours mean visa-free for different periods.|400px
The enormous distances hamper all forms of transportation. While the Russian government has tried to make the vast space more accessible since tsarist times much of the country is still hard to reach and even where trains and roads go, travel time is often measured in days not hours. Consider flying for far-off destinations — domestic flight routes cover the country pretty well.
俄罗斯联邦(俄語:Российская Федерация,缩写为РФ),簡稱俄羅斯、俄國(俄語:Россия),是位於欧亚大陆北部的聯邦共和國,國土横跨欧亞两大洲,为世界上土地面积最大的国家,領土面積1710万平方公里,約為地球陆地面积的八分之一;它也是世界上第九名人口国家,拥有1.45亿人口,其中77%居住于其较为发达的欧洲部分。俄罗斯国土覆盖整个亚洲北部及东欧大部,横跨11个时区,涵盖广泛的环境和地形,拥有全世界最大的森林储备和含有约世界四分之一的淡水的湖泊。俄罗斯有十四個陸上鄰國(從西北方向起逆时针序):挪威、芬兰、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、波蘭、白俄罗斯、乌克兰、格鲁吉亚、阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、中国、蒙古和朝鲜(其中立陶宛和波蘭僅與俄羅斯外飛地加里寧格勒州接壤),另外與阿布哈茲和南奧塞梯兩個只有俄羅斯承認的非聯合國會員國接壤。同時,俄羅斯還與日本、美国、加拿大、格陵蘭(丹麥)、冰島、瑞典、土耳其隔海相望。俄羅斯北部和東部分別為北冰洋和太平洋包圍,西北和西南分別可經由波羅的海和黑海通往大西洋。 俄罗斯历史始于欧洲的东斯拉夫民族,聚集区域自公元3世纪至8世纪逐渐扩大。在9世纪,源自北欧的瓦良格人武士精英建立基辅罗斯这个中世纪国家并开始统治。988年,基輔羅斯从拜占庭帝国采纳东正教会,随后由此开始,千年拜占庭与斯拉夫文化的融合成为今日的俄罗斯文化。基辅罗斯最终解散分化为众多公国,被蒙古人逐一击破,并均在13世纪成为金帐汗国的一部份。莫斯科大公自14世纪起逐渐崛起并统一周边俄罗斯诸侯国,在15世纪成功从金帐汗国独立,且成为基辅罗斯文化和政治的继承者。16世纪起伊凡四世自称沙皇,對外自詡「第三羅馬」。在18世纪,俄罗斯沙皇国通过征服、吞并和探索而延續其擴張之路。彼得一世稱帝成立俄罗斯帝国,葉卡捷琳娜二世延續其西化革新,國力邁向頂峰,最終成為史上領土第三大帝国,疆域最大曾自中欧的波兰连绵至北美的阿拉斯加,但內部的複雜性也引來了民族的紛爭與經濟管理不善,國家逐漸僵化和落後。甚至被東方新興列強日本擊敗。 一戰時由於國力貧弱,爆發了1917年俄国革命,后革命派勢力內鬥,其後布爾什維克一統江湖,建立了俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国,成为世界上第一个宪法意义上的社会主义国家,一度解體的帝國重新併合,并成为随后成立的苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟的主体和其最大的加盟共和国。苏联在史達林治下農業雖然重挫,但向工業傾斜的指令式政策,使其在歐洲列強中最後完成了基本的現代化,在二战时期,苏联的製造能力,为同盟国的胜利扮演决定性的角色,在战后其崛起成为公认的超级大国,社會主義能帶動國家迅速崛起也引發紅色風潮,并在冷战时期与美国在意識形態上互相竞争。隨後苏联冷戰时期,产生20世纪的许多最重要的科技成就,其中包括世界第一颗人造地球卫星,以及首次将人类送入太空。1990年,苏联为世界上第二大经济体,且拥有世界上最多的常备军人以及最多的大规模杀伤性武器库存。1991年苏联解体后,导致包括俄罗斯在内的15个共和国独立;身為原蘇聯最大的加盟共和国,俄羅斯通过修宪改制以成为俄罗斯联邦,成为原苏联的唯一法理继承国家,政體採用聯邦制、民主共和制及半总统制。 截至2015年,俄罗斯根据国民生产总值为标准为世界第13大经济体,根据购买力平价为世界第六大经济体。俄罗斯拥有世界上最大储量的矿产和能源资源,是世界上最大的石油和天然气输出国。俄罗斯为世界大国之一,为认定的拥核国家,联合国安理会常任理事国,G20、亚太经合组织、上合组织、欧安组织、世贸组织和金砖国家成员。它也是独联体、集体安全条约组织的领导者和欧亚经济联盟创始成员。俄罗斯也是世界八大工業國之一,但因烏克蘭危機而被暂停成员身份。俄羅斯也曾是欧洲委员会成員,因2022年俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭导致失去會籍。
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Due to Western sanctions on Russia, Google Maps and Apple Maps may be outdated and unreliable. Instead, most Russians use local app Yandex Maps, which is also available in English, for navigation.
thumb|280px|Russian folk singers performing songs in a traditionally-decorated room
Music — Russia has a long musical tradition and is well known for its composers and performers. There is no doubt you will find more orchestra performances the bigger the city. Classical music is played in various theaters, where domestic and guest concerts are scheduled for weeks ahead. Russia has one of the world's strongest classical music traditions, having give rise to numerous great composers such as Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninoff and Prokofiev, and even today the Moscow Conservatory is regarded as one of the best in the world, with Russia producing many of the world's top instrumentalists and opera singers. Besides that, the state supports folk ensembles in smaller towns or even villages and singing babushkas gatherings are still a well-established tradition in many areas. In areas traditionally inhabited by ethnic minorities, you may encounter ethnic music of every possible sound, like throat singing in Tuva or rare instruments of Chukotka. Sometimes only specialists can distinguish the Cossack songs of the Urals from the Cossack songs of Krasnodar. Professional jazz players meet at Jazz over Volga festival in Yaroslavl. Walking along the main street on a Sunday will definitely enable you to hear guitar, saxophone, harmonium or flute in any city. Military Parade on the Victory Day, which is celebrated on the 9th of May is commonly all-Russia holiday with city squares getting fu…
Most foreign credit and debit cards no longer work in Russia. Your access to funds may be hindered as Russian banks have been shut out of the international monetary system. Wire transfers are not possible. As a result, you will need to bring physical cash into Russia and open a Russian bank account, which is relatively easy with Sber or Tinkoff Online.
thumb|280px|Bliny buckwheat pancakes with salmon roe (ikra), sour cream (smetana) and chopped onion
The foundations of the Russian cuisine was laid by the peasant food in an often harsh climate, with a combination of fish, poultry, game, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of rye, wheat, buckwheat, barley, and millet provided the ingredients for a plethora of breads, pancakes, cereals, kvass, beer, and vodka. Flavourful soups and stews centred on seasonal or storable produce, fish, and meats. Russia's renowned caviar is easily obtained, however prices can exceed the expenses of your entire trip. Dishes such as beef Stroganov and chicken kiev, from the pre-revolutionary era are available but mainly aimed at tourists as they lost their status and visibility during Soviet times.
Russia has for many decades suffered a negative reputation for its food, and Russian cuisine was known for being bland and overly stodgy. However, the food scene has improved in the past years and Russia has also been known and famous for delicacies like caviar.
Russian specialities include:
Ikra (sturgeon or salmon caviar) Pelmeni (meat-filled dumplings, similar to pot-stickers, especially popular in Ural and Siberian regions) Bliny (white flour or buckwheat pancakes, may be thin, or thick and airy baked), blinchiki (thin white flour pancakes, similar to French crêpes) Black bread (rye bread, somewhat similar to one used by North American delis and not as dense as German variety) Pirozhki (small pi…
Vodka, imported liquors (rum, gin, etc.), imported (Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Fanta, etc.) and local soft drinks (Tarkhun, Buratino, Baikal, etc.), distilled water, kvass (sour-sweet non-alcoholic naturally carbonized drink made from fermented dark bread) and mors (traditional wild berry drink).
Beer (пиво) is cheap in Russia and the varieties are endless of both Russian and international brands. It is found for sale at any street vendor (warm) or stall (varies) in the centre of any city and costs (costs double and triple the closer you are to the centre) from about to for a bottle or can. "Small" bottles and cans ( and thereabouts) are also widely sold, and there are also plastic bottles of or even more, similar to those in which soft carbonated drinks are usually sold — many cheaper beers are sold that way and, being even cheaper due to large volume, are quite popular, despite some people say it can have a "plastic" taste. Corner stores/cafés, selling draft beer (highly recommended) also exist, but you have to seek them out. The highest prices (especially in the bars and restaurants) are traditionally in Moscow; Saint-Petersburg, on the other hand, is known for the cheaper and often better beers. Smaller cities and towns generally have similar prices if bought in the shop, but significantly lower ones in the bars and street cafés. Popular local brands of beer are Baltika, Stary Mel'nik, Bochkareff, Zolotaya Bochka, Tin'koff and many others. Locally made (mainly except some Czech a…
thumb|250px|Hotel in [[Vladivostok, a city in the Russian Far East]] In most cities, quality hotels are really scarce: most were built in Soviet times decades ago and have been renovated in decor, but rarely in service and attitude. Even for a local, it's quite a problem to find a good hotel without a recommendation from a trusted person. For the same reason, it may be really hard to find a hotel during mass tourist-oriented events like St. Petersburg's anniversary.
Generally chained-brand hotels provide better service than independents.
thumb|left|250px|Modern apartments in [[Yekaterinburg]] Hotels in Russia may be quite expensive in metropolises and touristy areas. If you do speak a bit of Russian and are not entirely culture shocked, it is much smarter to seek out and rent a room in a private residence. Most Russians are looking to make extra money and, having space to spare, will rent it out to a tourist gladly. Native Moscovites or residents of Saint Petersburg would rather rent out to tourists than their own countrymen: foreigners are considered more trustworthy and orderly. Breakfast is usually prepared by your host and the accommodations will certainly be very clean and proper if not modern. When it comes to home/family life, Russian culture is very warm and inviting.
Another useful option is short-term apartment rental offered by small companies or individuals. This means that certain flats in regular living buildings are permanently rented out on a daily basis. T…
thumb|right|270px|'Sobriety is a Standard of Our Life!'.A Soviet-time mosaic on the wall of a hospital in [[Kaliningrad]] Medical facilities in general vary. A majority of hospitals are extremely well equipped, clean, and possess all of the latest technologies, while there are some that are well below Western standards, with shortages in medication and neglected equipment.
Ensure that all of your vaccinations are up to date, and you have sufficient amounts of any prescription medicine you may be taking. Pharmacies are common in major cities and carry quality Western medications.
Quality of tap water varies around the country, and may even be variable within cities. In old buildings tap water can be non-potable. In the big cities of European Russia, the water is clean of biological contaminants, but often suffers from the presence of heavy metals, due to outdated city plumbing. If you can't buy bottled water, boil water before drinking, or better yet use a special filter for tap water, which you could buy in any supermarket. Bottled water costs only about for .
Besides local doctors (generally good quality but often working in poor facilities) there are several Western-styled medical centres in major Russian cities. These all have different policies for payment so make sure you know what you are paying for (and when and how) before you agree to any services.
Be careful not to buy fake vodka, which can be dangerous (seriously here, 'dangerous' doesn't mean 'strong'; it can …
Russians are generally reserved and well-mannered, and tend to be more traditional than other Europeans. This is partly due to the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church, which is a major force in Russian society.
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