Immune system

Cross-reactivity, in a general sense, is the reactivity of an observed agent which initiates reactions outside the main reaction expected. This has implications for any kind of test or assay, including diagnostic tests in medicine, and can be a cause of false positives. In immunology, the definition of cross-reactivity refers specifically to the reaction of the immune system to antigens. There can be cross-reactivity between the immune system and the antigens of two different pathogens, or between one pathogen and proteins on non-pathogens, which in some cases can be the cause of allergies.

Molecule formed from the binding of multiple antigens to antibodies

protein complex produced by components of the complement cascade inserted into a target cell membrane and forming a pore

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells

cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells

Granzymes are serine proteases released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. They induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the target cell, thus eliminating cells that have become cancerous or are infected with viruses or bacteria. Granzymes also kill bacteria and inhibit viral replication. In NK cells and T cells, granzymes are packaged in cytotoxic granules along with perforin. Granzymes can also be detected in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, and the trans-golgi reticulum. The contents of the cytotoxic granules function to permit

area of close contact between a lymphocyte and a target cell

process in which a microorganism or particulate material is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin

non-neutralizing antiviral proteins facilitate virus entry into host cells, leading to increased infectivity in the cells

tissue

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

form of cancer immunotherapy

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

term

Immunostimulants, also known as immunostimulators, are substances (drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune system usually in a non-specific manner by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components. One notable example is the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The goal of this stimulated immune response is usually to help the body have a stronger immune system response in order to improve outcomes in the case of an infection or cancer malignancy. There is also some evidence that immunostimulants may be useful to help decrease severe acute illness relat

thumb| An antibody with a circled region depicting where the paratope is found. 1. Fragment antigen-binding|Antigen-binding fragment (Fab) 2. Antibody crystallizable region (Fc) 3. Heavy chains 4. Light chains 5. Variable region of the antibody. The paratope is the key-shaped section that makes direct contact with the [[antigen. 6. Hinge regions ]]

functional inactivation of T- or B-lymphocytes

cell type, lineage of epithelial cells present in mucosal tissue

systems consisting of two enzymes, a modification methylase and a restriction endonuclease

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.

Protein of the immune system

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT1 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.

The salicylic acid mediated response to a pathogen which confers broad spectrum resistance.

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases

pharmaceutical drug that suppresses the physiologic response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Calreticulin also known as calregulin, CRP55, CaBP3, calsequestrin-like protein, and endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 60 (ERp60) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALR gene.

localised phenomenon where the presence of antigens does not trigger an immune response

part of an antibody

protein of the immune system

class of proteins

InterPro Family

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

protein subunit

cell of the immune system

cell type

regulators of the immune system

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain also known as HLA-DR antigens-associated invariant chain or CD74 (Cluster of Differentiation 74), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD74 gene. The invariant chain (Abbreviated Ii) is a polypeptide which plays a critical role in antigen presentation. It is involved in the formation and transport of MHC class II peptide complexes for the generation of CD4+ T cell responses. The cell surface form of the invariant chain is known as CD74. CD74 is a cell surface receptor for the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF).

factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT2 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. This protein is critical to the biological response of type I interferons (IFNs). It functions as a transcription factor downstream of type I interferons. STAT2 sequence identity between mouse and human is only 68%.

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

cell surface molecule of the immune system that triggers changes in the behavior of cells

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a transcription factor belonging to the STAT protein family, composed of STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAT6. STAT proteins are key activators of gene transcription which bind to DNA in response to cytokine gradient. STAT proteins are a common part of Janus kinase (JAK)- signalling pathways, activated by cytokines.STAT4 is required for the development of Th1 cells from naive CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ production in response to IL-12. There are two known STAT4 transcripts, STAT4α and STAT4β, differing in the levels of inter

Histocompatibility, or tissue compatibility, is the property of having the same, or sufficiently similar, alleles of a set of genes called human leukocyte antigens (HLA), or major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Each individual expresses many unique HLA proteins on the surface of their cells, which signal to the immune system whether a cell is part of the self or an invading organism. T cells recognize foreign HLA molecules and trigger an immune response to destroy the foreign cells. Histocompatibility testing is most relevant for topics related to whole organ, tissue, or stem cell transplan

Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the MYD88 gene. originally discovered in the laboratory of Dan A. Liebermann (Lord et al. Oncogene 1990) as a Myeloid differentiation primary response gene.

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

InterPro Family

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P receptor 1 or S1PR1), also known as endothelial differentiation gene 1 (EDG1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S1PR1 gene. S1PR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor which binds the bioactive signaling molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1PR1 belongs to a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subfamily comprising five members (S1PR1-5). S1PR1 was originally identified as an abundant transcript in endothelial cells and it has an important role in regulating endothelial cell cytoskeletal structure, migration, capillary-like network formation and va

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Tripartite motif-containing protein 5 also known as RING finger protein 88 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM5 gene. The alpha isoform of this protein, TRIM5α, is a retrovirus restriction factor, which mediates a species-specific early block to retrovirus infection.

A mimotope is often a peptide, and mimics the structure of an epitope. Because of this property it causes an antibody response similar to the one elicited by the epitope. An antibody for a given epitope antigen will recognize a mimotope which mimics that epitope. Mimotopes are commonly obtained from phage display libraries through biopanning. Vaccines utilizing mimotopes are being developed. Mimotopes are a kind of peptide aptamers.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a transcription factor that belongs to the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family of proteins. The proteins of STAT family transmit signals from a receptor complex to the nucleus and activate gene expression. Similarly as other STAT family proteins, STAT6 is also activated by growth factors and cytokines. STAT6 is mainly activated by cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-13.

thumb|The idiotype is based upon the variable region (labeled VL and VH in the diagram.) In immunology, an idiotype is a shared characteristic between a group of immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor (TCR) molecules based upon the antigen binding specificity and therefore structure of their variable region. The variable region of antigen receptors of T cells (TCRs) and B cells (immunoglobulins) contain complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) with unique amino acid sequences. They define the surface and properties of the variable region, determining the antigen specificity and therefore the idio

immune response chemical interaction

organs involved in the production of blood