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Reptilia

File:TWC_Wildlife_Centre•_Stewart_Nimmo_•_MRD_8910.jpg · Wikimedia Commons · See Wikimedia Commons

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Also known as reptiles, reptilians, reptile

Reptiles, as commonly defined, are tetrapod vertebrate animals with an ectothermic metabolism and amniotic development. Reptiles traditionally comprise four orders: Testudines (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators and gharials), Squamata (lizards and snakes) and Rhynchocephalia (tuatara), with about 12,000 extant species listed in the Reptile Database. The study of the traditional reptile orders, customarily in combination with the study of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.

OverviewAI-generated

Reptilia is a taxon classified as a class within the parent taxon Sauropsida and the subclass Tetrapoda. It is also recognized as a superclass within the phylum Chordata and kingdom Animalia. The authority for this classification is Laurenti, 1768, and it is governed by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The taxon is considered accepted status.

The group has been studied by herpetology and includes species found in marine, brackish, and freshwater habitats. Reptilia originated about 318 million years ago. Members of this taxon reproduce via oviparity. The group is the source of egg as food.

Records indicate significant scientific and archival presence. PubMed lists 55,050 results for the query Reptilia. Gbif Occ reports an occurrence count of 2,534,061,025. iDigBio holds 44,739 records and 3,694 media items from institutions in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The topic is referenced by 20,953 other encyclopedia articles.

Synthesized by Vinony from 41 facts across 7 sources: Wikidata, GBIF, PubMed, Gbif Occ, WoRMS, iDigBio, Vinony graph. Generated from structured data (not the Wikipedia text) and checked against those facts — may still contain errors.

Species

reptiles

Chordata

PHYLUM

  1. KingdomAnimalia
  2. PhylumChordata
Habitatmarine, brackish, freshwater
Observations recorded2,534,061,025

「爬虫」重定向至此。關於一种可以自动化浏览网络的程序,詳見「网络爬虫」。 爬行綱(学名:Reptilia)动物通稱爬行動物、爬行類、爬蟲類,是一類脊椎動物,屬於四足總綱的羊膜動物,是包括了龟、蛇、蜥蜴、鳄、鸟类及史前恐龙等物种的通称。 本分类过去傳統上包含了史前的似哺乳爬行动物,却没有包含恐龙及似哺乳爬行动物的现存后代——鸟类及哺乳类,而使其成为并系群。根據親緣分支分類法,鳄鱼与鸟类的关系更亲近,因此,现代爬行動物必须包含鸟类才能组合成单系群,再与合弓纲组成单系群羊膜动物,因此有学者一度提出以蜥形綱取代传统的爬行纲,无论如何,也有分类学者选择重新定义爬行纲,即将鸟类包含进来,而原本归类于此的古合弓类则剔除出去,使本分类成为有效的单系群分类[1][2]。 除了鸟类归类于鸟纲,其他現存的爬行動物都包含在以下4個目: 鱷目:包含鱷魚、長吻鱷、短吻鱷、以及凱門鱷等23個種。 喙頭蜥目:包含生存於紐西蘭的喙頭蜥,共2個種。 有鱗目:包含蜥蜴以及蛇,接近7900個種。 龜鱉目:包含海龜與陸龜,接近300個種。 現代的爬行動物棲息於每個大陸,除了南極洲以外,但牠們主要分布於熱帶與副熱帶地區。現存的爬行動物,體型最大的是鹹水鱷,可達7公尺以上,最小的是侏儒壁虎(Jaragua sphaero),只有1.6公分長。除了少數的龜鱉目以外,所有的爬行動物都覆蓋著鱗片。 雖然所有的細胞在代謝時都會產生熱量,大部分的爬行動物不能產生足夠的熱量以保持體溫,因此被稱為冷血動物或變温動物(鸟类、稜皮龜则是例外)。爬行動物依靠環境來吸收或散發內部的熱量,例如在向陽處或陰暗處之間移動,或藉由循環系統將溫暖血液流動至身體內部,將較冷血液流動至身體表層。大部份生存於天然棲息地的爬行動物,可將身體內部的體溫維持在相當狹窄的變化範圍內。不像兩棲類,爬行動物的表皮厚,因此不需要棲息在水邊,吸取水份。由於體溫調節方面的關係,爬行動物可以較少的食物維生。溫血動物通常以較快速度移動,某些蜥蜴、蛇、或鱷魚的移動速度較快。 大部分的爬行動物是卵生動物,牠們的胚胎由羊膜所包覆。然而,某些有鱗目能夠直接生下後代,例如卵胎生或胎生的方式。大部分的胎生爬行動物藉由不同形式的胎盤給與胎兒養分,類似哺乳類的方式。牠們通常提供剛出生幼體適當的初步親代養育。 目录 1 爬行動物的分類 1.1 分類歷史 1.2 分類學 1.3 系統發生學 2 演化歷史 2.1 演化支 2.2 二疊紀 2.3 中生代 2.4 新生代 3 生物學 3.1 循環系統 3.2 呼吸系統 3.3 骨骼系统 3.4 排泄系統 3.5 神經系統 3.6 繁衍 4 参考文献 4.1 引用 4.2 来源 5 外部链接 6 参见 爬行動物的分類 脊椎動物的簡易演化樹。传统分类上的爬行動物其實是並系群。如果包含鳥類、哺乳动物在內,則成為單系群羊膜动物,剔除哺乳类一支(

via GBIF

Museum specimens

Specimen records
44,739
With media
3,694
Collections
CM, NHMUK
Recorded in
United States, United Kingdom, France

Research

55,050 papers

via PubMed

Wikidata facts

Instance of
taxon
Subclass of
Tetrapoda
Parent taxon
Sauropsida
Image
Extant reptilia.jpg
Show 16 more facts
taxon rank
class
taxon name
Reptilia
Commons category
Reptilia
topic's main category
Category:Reptiles
MCN code
0106.20.00
Commons gallery
Reptilia
taxon common name
တွားသွားသတ္တဝါ
start time
318000000-
this taxon is source of
egg as food
on focus list of Wikimedia project
Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4
OpenStreetMap tag
zoo=reptile
topic has template
Template:Reptiles
IPA transcription
ɹɛpˈtɪli.ə
mode of reproduction
oviparity
Sources (4)

via Wikidata · CC0

~66 min read

Encyclopedic overview

44 sections
Contents
  • Classification
  • Classical taxonomy and research
  • Phylogenetics and modern definition
  • Taxonomy
  • Phylogeny
  • The position of turtles
  • Evolutionary history
  • Origin of the reptiles
  • Rise of the reptiles
  • Anapsids, synapsids, diapsids, and sauropsids
  • Permian reptiles
  • Mesozoic reptiles
  • Cenozoic reptiles
  • Morphology and physiology{{anchor|Systems}}
  • Circulation
  • Metabolism
  • Respiratory system
  • Turtles and tortoises
  • Sound production
  • Hearing in snakes
  • Skin
  • Shedding
  • Excretion
  • Digestion
  • Nerves
  • Vision
  • Reproduction
  • Longevity
  • Cognition
  • Defense mechanisms
  • Camouflage and warning
  • Alternative defense in snakes
  • {{anchor|Defense in crocodiles}}Defense in crocodilians
  • Shedding and regenerating tails
  • Relations with humans
  • In cultures and religions
  • Medicine
  • Commercial farming
  • Reptiles in captivity
  • See also
  • Notes
  • References
  • Further reading
  • External links

Reptiles, as commonly defined, are tetrapod vertebrate animals with an ectothermic metabolism and amniotic development. Reptiles traditionally comprise four orders: Testudines (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators and gharials), Squamata (lizards and snakes) and Rhynchocephalia (tuatara), with about 12,000 extant species listed in the Reptile Database. The study of the traditional reptile orders, customarily in combination with the study of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.

Reptiles have been subject to several conflicting taxonomic definitions. In classical evolutionary taxonomy, reptiles are gathered together under the class Reptilia ( ), which corresponds to common usage. Modern cladistic taxonomy regards that group as paraphyletic, since genetic and paleontological evidence has determined that birds (class Aves) are the only surviving group of Dinosauria, a major clade of diapsids that are more closely related to crocodilians than to other living reptiles, and thus birds are nested among reptiles (under the clade Archosauria) from a phylogenetic perspective. Many cladistic systems therefore redefine Reptilia as a clade (monophyletic group) including birds, though the precise definition of this clade varies between authors. A similar concept is clade Sauropsida, which refers to all amniotes more closely related to modern reptiles than to mammals.

Excerpted from Wikipedia’s “Reptilia” article, available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.

Gallery (54)