Antibiotics

Clofoctol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic. It is used in the treatment of respiratory tract and ear, nose and throat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. It has been marketed in France till 2005 under the trade name Octofene and in Italy as Gramplus.

Thiostrepton is a natural cyclic oligopeptide antibiotic of the thiopeptide class, derived from several strains of streptomycetes, such as Streptomyces azureus and Streptomyces laurentii. Thiostrepton is a natural product of the ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) class.

chemical compound

soap containing antibacterial agents

Fosmidomycin is an antibiotic that was originally isolated from culture broths of bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. It specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase, a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. It is a structural analogue of 2-C-methyl-D-erythrose 4-phosphate. It inhibits the E. coli enzyme with a KI value of 38 nM (4), MTB at 80 nM, and the Francisella enzyme at 99 nM. Several mutations in the E. coli DXP reductoisomerase were found to confer resistance to fosmidomycin.

Wikimedia list article

Tanespimycin ('17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 17-AAG') is a derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin that is being studied in the treatment of cancer, specifically in younger patients with certain types of leukemia or solid tumors, especially kidney tumors.

Hachimycin, also known as trichomycin, is a polyene macrolide antibiotic, antiprotozoal, and antifungal derived from streptomyces. It was first described in 1950, and in most research cases have been used for gynecological infections.

Vaborbactam (INN) is a non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor discovered by Rempex Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of The Medicines Company. While not effective as an antibiotic by itself, it restores potency to existing antibiotics by inhibiting the β-lactamase enzymes that would otherwise degrade them. When combined with an appropriate antibiotic it can be used for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections.

Myriocin, also known as antibiotic ISP-1 and thermozymocidin, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid derived from the entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria sinclairii.

Thiocarlide (or tiocarlide or isoxyl) is a thiourea drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis, inhibiting synthesis of oleic acid and tuberculostearic acid.

A23187 is a mobile ion-carrier that forms stable complexes with divalent cations (ions with a charge of +2). A23187 is also known as Calcimycin, Calcium Ionophore, Antibiotic A23187 and Calcium Ionophore A23187. It is produced at fermentation of Streptomyces chartreusensis.

Gepotidacin, sold under the brand name Blujepa, is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of urinary tract infection or uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea. Gepotidacin is a triazaacenaphthylene bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitor. It is used as the salt gepotidacin mesylate, and is taken by mouth.

Relebactam is a chemical compound used in combination with antibiotics to improve their efficacy. As a beta-lactamase inhibitor, it blocks the ability of bacteria to break down a beta-lactam antibiotic. In the United States, relebactam is approved for use in the combination imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam (Recarbrio by Merck).

Raphanin is the main sulfur component found in radish seeds of Raphanus sativus and is also found in broccoli and red cabbage. It was first described in 1947.

Zoliflodacin, sold under the brand name Nuzolvence, is an antibiotic used for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea). Zoliflodacin is being developed as part of a public-private partnership between Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics and the Global Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership (GARDP). Zoliflodacin is taken by mouth.

processes for manufacturing & refining antibiotics

Method of assessing antibiotics

Thioacetazone (INN, BAN), also known as amithiozone (USAN), is an oral antibiotic which is used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It has fallen into almost complete disuse due to toxicity and the introduction of improved anti-tuberculosis drugs like isoniazid. The drug has only weak activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is only useful in preventing resistance to more powerful drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin. It is never used on its own to treat tuberculosis; it is used in a similar way to ethambutol.

Anthramycin is a pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibiotic with antitumor activity. First derived from the thermophilic actinomycete Streptomyces refuineus by M. D. Tendler and S Korman in the 1950s, it was first successfully synthesized in a laboratory setting by Leimgruber et al. in 1965. Due to the unstable nature of the chemical structure, characterization of the species was done on its epimer, anthrmycin-11-methyl-ether. This derivative can be formed by recrystallization of anthramycin from hot methanol.

Ascofuranone is an antibiotic produced by various ascomycete fungi including Acremonium sclerotigenum that inhibits the Trypanosoma brucei alternative oxidase and is a lead compound in efforts to produce other drugs targeting this enzyme for the treatment of sleeping sickness. The compound is effective both in vitro cell culture and in infections in mice.

Glycyrrhizol A is a prenylated pterocarpan and an isoflavonoid derivative. It is a compound isolated from the root of the Chinese licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza uralensis).

Roseophilin is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseoviridis shown to have antitumor activity. The chemical structure can be considered in terms of two components, a macrotricyclic segment and a heterocyclic side-chain. Several laboratory syntheses of roseophilin (e.g., those of Trost, Fürstner, Salamone) are based upon the Paal-Knorr synthesis, and two others are based on the Nazarov cyclization reaction (those of Tius, Frontier). The compound is related to the prodiginines.

Leptomycins are secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces spp.

Xibornol is a lipophilic substance with antiseptic properties, mainly used in Italy and Spain. It is primarily administered to the throat as a spray mouthwash. As of 2007, all approved forms are water-based suspensions.

thumb|Skeletal formula of [[novobiocin]] Aminocoumarin is a class of antibiotics that act by an inhibition of the DNA gyrase enzyme involved in the cell division in bacteria. They are derived from Streptomyces species, whose best-known representative – Streptomyces coelicolor – was completely sequenced in 2002. The aminocoumarin antibiotics include: Novobiocin, Albamycin (Pharmacia And Upjohn) Coumermycin Clorobiocin

Validamycin is an antibiotic and fungicide produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. An inhibitor of trehalase, validamycin is used for the control of sheath blight of rice and damping-off of cucumbers.

chemical compound

Lasalocid is an antibacterial agent and a coccidiostat, which is produced by strains of Streptomyces lasaliensis. It is the drug in the feed additives called Bovatec and Avatec.

chemical compound

thumb|Latamoxef thumb|Flomoxef An oxacephem is a β-lactam molecule similar to a cephem, but with an oxygen substituted for the sulfur. They are synthetic compounds not seen in nature, generally used as β-lactam antibiotics. Examples include Latamoxef and Flomoxef.

The bafilomycins are a family of macrolide antibiotics produced from a variety of Streptomycetes. Their chemical structure is defined by a 16-membered lactone ring scaffold. Bafilomycins exhibit a wide range of biological activity, including anti-tumor, anti-parasitic, immunosuppressant and anti-fungal activity. The most used bafilomycin is bafilomycin A1, a potent inhibitor of cellular autophagy. Bafilomycins have also been found to act as ionophores, transporting potassium K+ across biological membranes and leading to mitochondrial damage and cell death.

17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG) is a chemical compound which is a semi-synthetic derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin. It is being studied for the possibility of treating cancer.

chemical compound

species of fungus

chemical compound

Kendomycin is an anticancer macrolide first isolated from Streptomyces violaceoruber. It has potent activity as an endothelin receptor antagonist and anti-osteoporosis agent. It also has strong cytotoxicity against various tumor cell lines.

Ritipenem is a penem class antimicrobial agent. Ritipenem is manufactured by Tanabe Seiyaku in the ritipenem acoxil prodrug form, which can be taken orally . It is not FDA approved in the United States as of 2008.

Quinupristin is a streptogramin B antibiotic, used in combination with dalfopristin under the trade name Synercid. It has activity against Gram-positive and atypical bacteria but not Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. The combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin is not active against Enterococcus faecalis and needs to be given in combination with other antibacterials for mixed infections that involve Gram-negative organisms. Category:Antibiotics

Pulvinone, an organic compound belonging to the esters, lactones, alcohols and butenolides classes, is a yellow crystalline solid. Although the pulvinone is not a natural product, several naturally occurring hydroxylated derivatives are known. These hydroxylated pulvinones are produced by fungal species, such as the in Europe common Larch Bolete (Boletus elegans, also known as Suillus grevillei), or by moulds such as Aspergillus terreus.

Streptazolin is an antibiotic and antifungal substance isolated in 1981 from Streptomyces viridochromogenes.

Taurolidine is an antimicrobial that is used to prevent infections in catheters. Side effects and the induction of bacterial resistance is uncommon. It is also being studied as a treatment for cancer.

Alazopeptin is an antibiotic, with moderate anti-trypanosomal and antitumor activity. It was originally isolated from Streptacidiphilus griseoplanus, sourced from soil near Williamsburg, Iowa. It is also isolated from Kitasatospora azatica It is still largely produced via fermentation broths of that organism. Structurally, alazopeptin is a tripeptide and contains 2 molecules of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and one molecule of L-alanine. In 2021 the biosynthetic pathway of alazopeptin was elucidated.

chemical compound

Lolamicin is an experimental antibiotic. It targets Gram-negative bacteria without significantly affecting typical gut microbes. Lolamicin was discovered by a team led by Paul J. Hergenrother at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and was first reported in 2024.

Linopristin is an antibiotic of the streptogramin B class. It has been described as a pristinamycin IA derivative, though it is actually more similar to quinupristin. NCATS Inxight describes it as a chemically modified version of quinupristin.

Sparassol is an antibiotic and antifungal isolated from Sparassis crispa.

Dalfopristin is a semi-synthetic streptogramin antibiotic analogue of ostreogyrcin A (virginiamycin M, pristinamycin IIA, streptogramin A). The combination quinupristin/dalfopristin (marketed under the trade name Synercid) was brought to the market by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals in 1999. Synercid (weight-to-weight ratio of 30% quinupristin to 70% dalfopristin) is used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.

Hedamycin is a chemical compound with potential antibiotic and anticancer activity.

chemical compound

Zosurabalpin (RG6006, Abx-MCP, Ro7223280) is an experimental antibiotic developed in a collaboration between the pharmaceutical company Roche and scientists from Harvard University, for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). It targets a lipopolysaccharide transporter. It works by recognizing a composite binding site made up of both the Lpt transporter and its LPS substrate. The chemical family to which it belongs was first disclosed in 2019, but the particular structure of RG6006 remained confidential until publication of the testing results in 2023.

Lavendamycin is a naturally occurring chemical compound discovered in fermentation broth of the soil bacterium Streptomyces lavendulae. Lavendamycin has antibiotic properties and anti-proliferative effects against several cancer cell lines. The use of lavendamycin as a cytotoxic agent in cancer therapy failed due to poor water solubility and non-specific cytotoxicity. The study of lavendamycin-based analogs designed to overcome these liabilities has been an area of research.

Tobramycin/dexamethasone, sold under the brand name Tobradex, is a fixed-dose combination medication in the form of eye drops and eye ointment, marketed by Alcon. The active ingredients are tobramycin (an antibiotic) and dexamethasone (a corticosteroid). It is prescribed for the treatment of pink eye in combination with bacterial infections.

Citromycin is a chemical compound produced by Penicillium. It was first discovered in 1969 and was found to have weak antibiotic activity.

chemical compound

Plantazolicin (PZN) is a natural antibiotic produced by the gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus velezensis FZB42 (previously Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42). PZN has specifically been identified as a selective bactericidal agent active against Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. This natural product is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP); it can be classified further as a thiazole/oxazole-modified microcin (TOMM) or a linear azole-containing peptide (LAP).

Cresomycin is an experimental antibiotic. It binds to the bacterial ribosome in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and it has been found to be effective against multi-drug-resistant stains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It belongs to the bridged macrobicyclic oxepanoprolinamide antibiotics, which have similarities with lincosamides antibiotics.

chemical compound