Disubstituted pyridines

Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide belonging to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of insects. The chemical works by interfering with the transmission of stimuli in the insect nervous system. Specifically, it causes a blockage of the nicotinergic neuronal pathway. By blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, imidacloprid prevents acetylcholine from transmitting impulses between nerves, resulting in the insect's paralysis and eventual death. It is effective on contact and via stomach action. Because imidacloprid binds much more strongly

Pioglitazone, sold under the brand name Actos among others, is an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It may be used with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or insulin. Use is recommended together with exercise and diet. It is not recommended in type 1 diabetes. It is taken by mouth.

Ethionamide (aka ETA or ETH) is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis. Specifically it is used, along with other antituberculosis medications, to treat active multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. It is no longer recommended for leprosy. It is taken by mouth.

Edoxaban, sold under the brand name Lixiana among others, is an anticoagulant medication and a direct factor Xa inhibitor. It is taken by mouth.

Torasemide, also known as torsemide, is a diuretic medication used to treat fluid overload due to heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disease. It is a less preferred treatment for high blood pressure. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.

Palbociclib, sold under the brand name Ibrance among others, is a medication developed by Pfizer for the treatment of HR-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer. It is a selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. Palbociclib was the first CDK4/6 inhibitor to be approved as a cancer therapy.

Protionamide (or prothionamide) is a medication used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy.

thumb|Rupafin (Rupatadine) tablets

Tipranavir (TPV), or tipranavir disodium, is a nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (PI) manufactured by Boehringer Ingelheim under the trade name Aptivus . It is administered with ritonavir in combination therapy to treat HIV infection.

2,6-Lutidine is a natural heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C5H3N. It is one of several dimethyl-substituted derivative of pyridine, all of which are referred to as lutidines. It is a colorless liquid with mildly basic properties and a pungent, noxious odor.

chemical compound

thumb|1mg Dexzopiclone (Eszopiclone) tablets from China

Tedizolid, sold under the brand name Sivextro (by Merck) is an oxazolidinone-class antibiotic. Tedizolid phosphate is a phosphate ester prodrug of the active compound tedizolid. It was developed by Cubist Pharmaceuticals, following acquisition of Trius Therapeutics (originator: Dong-A Pharmaceuticals), and is marketed for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (also known as complicated skin and skin-structure infections (cSSSIs)).

Acetamiprid is an organic compound with the chemical formula C10H11ClN4. It is an odorless neonicotinoid insecticide produced under the trade names Assail, and Chipco by Aventis CropSciences. It is systemic and intended to kill sucking insects (Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, mainly aphids) on crops such as leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, pome fruits, grapes, cotton, cole crops, and ornamental plants. It is also a key pesticide in commercial cherry farming due to its effectiveness against the larvae of the cherry fruit fly.

Regorafenib, sold under the brand name Stivarga among others, is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor developed by Bayer which targets angiogenic, stromal and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Regorafenib shows anti-angiogenic activity due to its dual targeted VEGFR2-TIE2 tyrosine kinase inhibition. Since 2009 it was studied as a potential treatment option in multiple tumor types. By 2015 it had two US approvals for advanced cancers.

chemical compound

Acrivastine is a medication used for the treatment of allergies and hay fever. It is a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist antihistamine (like its base molecule triprolidine) and works by blocking histamine H1 receptors.

Epibatidine is a chlorinated alkaloid that is secreted by the Ecuadorian frog Epipedobates anthonyi and poison dart frogs from the genus Ameerega. It was discovered by John W. Daly in 1974, but its structure was not fully elucidated until 1992. Whether epibatidine occurs naturally remains controversial due to challenges in conclusively identifying the compound from the limited samples collected by Daly. By the time that high-resolution spectrometry was used in 1991, there remained less than one milligram of extract from Daly's samples, raising concerns about possible contamination. Samples fro

chemical compound

Suzetrigine, sold under the brand name Journavx, is an oral medication used for moderate to severe acute pain management in adults. It is a small-molecule non-opioid analgesic that works as a selective inhibitor of Nav1.8-dependent pain-signaling pathways in the peripheral nervous system. Nav1.8 channels are predominantly present in peripheral nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. Suzetrigine inhibits pain signals before they reach the central nervous system and has no addictive potential.

Ribociclib, sold under the brand name Kisqali, is a medication used for the treatment of certain kinds of breast cancer. Ribociclib is a kinase inhibitor. It was developed by Novartis and Astex Pharmaceuticals.

Imazapyr is a non-selective herbicide used for the control of a broad range of weeds including terrestrial annual and perennial grasses and broadleaved herbs, woody species, and riparian and emergent aquatic species.

Thiacloprid is an insecticide of the neonicotinoid class. Its mechanism of action is similar to other neonicotinoids and involves disruption of the insect's nervous system by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Thiacloprid was developed by Bayer CropScience for use on agricultural crops to control of a variety of sucking and chewing insects, primarily aphids and whiteflies.

Isavuconazonium, sold under the brand name Cresemba, is a systemic antifungal medication of the triazole class which is used to treat invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. It is used as the sulfate. It is taken by mouth or given via injection into a vein.

Lasmiditan, sold under the brand name Reyvow, is a medication used to treat migraines. It is not useful for prevention. The drug is taken by mouth.

Vorapaxar (brand name Zontivity, formerly known as SCH 530348) is a thrombin receptor (protease-activated receptor, PAR-1) antagonist based on the natural product himbacine, discovered by Schering-Plough and developed by Merck & Co.

chemical compound

Nitenpyram is a chemical frequently used as an insecticide in agriculture and veterinary medicine. The compound is an insect neurotoxin belonging to the class of neonicotinoids which works by blocking neural signaling of the central nervous system. It does so by binding irreversibly to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nACHr) causing a stop of the flow of ions in the postsynaptic membrane of neurons leading to paralysis and death. Nitenpyram is highly selective towards the variation of the nACHr which insects possess, and has seen extensive use in targeted, insecticide applications.

Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), analgesic, and antipyretic used in horses, cattle and pigs. It is often formulated as the meglumine salt. In the United States, it is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and may only be lawfully distributed by order of a licensed veterinarian. There are many trade names for the product.

Forchlorfenuron is a plant growth regulator. It has been approved for use on kiwifruit and grapes in the United States. It has been associated with news of the 2011 watermelons exploding incidents in China.

'2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine' is an organic compound with the formula (Me3C)2C5H3N. This colourless, oily liquid is derived from pyridine by replacement of the two H atoms with tert-butyl groups. It is a hindered base. For example, it can be protonated, but it does not form an adduct with boron trifluoride.

bioactive natural product

Nemertelline is a neurotoxic tetra-pyridine compound originally found in the marine ribbon worm Amphiporus angulatus. These worms produce a variety of toxins which are used both in hunting down prey and in defending themselves from predators. Interest in potential application of this compound as an antifouling agent for boats and other marine installations has led to attempts to produce it synthetically by convenient routes. This compound is highly toxic to crustaceans but not mammals and is similar to the plant alkaloid nicotelline in structure.

Lafutidine (INN) is a second generation histamine H2 receptor antagonist having multimodal mechanism of action and used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. It is marketed in South Korea, Japan and India.

Taranabant (codenamed MK-0364) is a cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) inverse agonist that was investigated as a potential treatment for obesity due to its anorectic effects. It was developed by Merck & Co.

chemical compound

Alpelisib, sold under the brand name Piqray among others, is a medication used to treat certain types of breast cancer. It is used together with fulvestrant. It is taken by mouth. It is marketed by Novartis.

Oteseconazole, a novel tetrazole containing orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of fungal lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), has shown promising efficacy in the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC).

Sulfoxaflor, also marketed as Isoclast, is a systemic insecticide that acts as an insect neurotoxin. A pyridine and a trifluoromethyl compound, it is a member of a class of chemicals called sulfoximines, which act on the central nervous system of insects.

Zibotentan (INN; development code ZD4054) is an experimental anti-cancer drug candidate in development by AstraZeneca. It is an endothelin receptor antagonist.

group of isomers

chemical compound

Chlorantraniliprole is an insecticide of the diamide class used for insects found on fruit and vegetable crops as well as ornamental plants.

Enasidenib, sold under the brand name Idhifa, is an anti-cancer medication used to treat relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. It is an inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2).

chemical compound

Sonidegib (INN), sold under the brand name Odomzo, is a medication used to treat cancer.

MK-9470 is a synthetic compound which binds to the CB1 cannabinoid receptor and functions as an inverse agonist. The 18F-labeled version, [18F]-MK-9470, is used in research as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for brain imaging of the CB1 receptor.

Ivosidenib, sold under the brand name Tibsovo, is an anti-cancer medication for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and cholangiocarcinoma. It is a small molecule inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1), which is mutated in several forms of cancer. Ivosidenib is an isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 inhibitor that works by decreasing abnormal production of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), leading to differentiation of malignant cells.

Lutidine is the trivial name used to describe the chemical compounds which are dimethyl derivatives of pyridine. They were discovered in Dippel's oil and named (as an anagram of toluidine, with which they share their empirical formula) by Thomas Anderson in 1851. Their chemical properties resemble those of pyridine, although the presence of the methyl groups may prohibit some of the more straightforward reactions. Lutidine comes in several isomers:

Tirbanibulin, sold under the brand name Klisyri, is a medication used for the treatment of actinic keratosis (AK) on the face or scalp. It functions by inhibiting both tubulin polymerization and Src kinase signaling. It is potentially effective in impeding the development of squamous cell carcinoma in situ.

Trilaciclib, sold under the brand name Cosela, is a medication used to reduce the frequency of chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression.

chemical compound

Omidenepag, sold under the brand name Eybelis among others, is a medication used for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Flazasulfuron is a sulfonylurea herbicide used for controlling the unwanted growth of grass, broad-leaved weeds and sedges. The mode of action of flazasulfuron is through the inhibition of the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS), which results in the inhibition of amino acid synthesis, cell division and ultimately plant growth. Flazasulfuron can be used on both pre-emergent weeds and post-emergent weeds. Growth ceases within hours of the application of the compound. Symptoms include leaf discolouration, desiccation, necrosis and ultimately plant death within 20 – 25 days of application. It is a

Boscalid is a broad spectrum fungicide used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed by BASF in 2002 using their brand name Endura. The compound is an biphenyl amide derived inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.

Nitrapyrin is an organic compound with the formula ClC5H3NCCl3, and is described as a white crystalline solid with a sweet odor. It is used as a nitrification inhibitor and bactericide, which is applied to soils for the growing of agricultural crops since 1974. Nitrapyrin was put up for review by the EPA and deemed safe for use in 2005. Nitrapyrin is an effective nitrification inhibitor to the bacteria Nitrosomonas and has been shown to drastically the reduce the amount of N2O emissions from the soil.

Morniflumate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

Pozanicline (INN, codenamed ABT-089) is a drug developed by Abbott, that has nootropic and neuroprotective effects. Animal studies suggested it useful for the treatment of ADHD and subsequent human trials have shown ABT-089 to be effective for this application. It binds with high affinity subtype-selective to the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has partial agonism to the α6β2 subtype, but not the α7 and α3β4 subtypes familiar to nicotine. It has particularly low tendency to cause side effects compared to other drugs in the class.